Geological Sample Holder

ABSTRACT

A battery pack assembly comprises a battery enclosure having a first side panel, a second side panel, a third side panel, a fourth side panel, a top panel, and a bottom panel defining a module containing volume. The battery pack assembly may contain a plurality of battery modules in the module containing volume, the plurality of battery modules having a first battery module, a second battery module, and a third battery module. The first battery module and the second battery module are positioned in a first orientation and stacked to form a column of battery modules and the third battery module is positioned in a second orientation and positioned adjacent to the column of battery modules.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 17/456,875 filed onNov. 29, 2021, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2022-0169125entitled “Battery Pack Assembly.” U.S. Ser. No. 17/456,875 is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 17/466,326 filed on Sep. 3, 2021,now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2022-0169126 entitled“ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY FRAME ASSEMBLY.” U.S. Ser. No. 17/466,326 is acontinuation of U.S. Ser. No. 17/321,724 filed on May 17, 2021, now U.S.Pat. No. 11,124,076 entitled “ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY FRAME ASSEMBLY.”U.S. Ser. No. 17/321,724 claims priority to, and the benefit of, U.S.Provisional Application No. 63/119,070 filed on Nov. 30, 2020 andentitled “ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY FRAME ASSEMBLY.”

U.S. Ser. No. 17/456,875 is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No.17/403,179 filed on Aug. 16, 2021, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,279,243 entitled“HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FOR BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE.” U.S. Ser.No. 17/403,179 claims priority to, and the benefit of, U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 63/119,401 filed on Nov. 30, 2020 and entitled “HIGHVOLTAGE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FOR BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE.”

The disclosures of all of the foregoing applications are incorporatedherein by reference in their entireties, including but not limited tothose portions that specifically appear hereinafter, but except for anysubject matter disclaimers or disavowals, and except to the extent thatthe incorporated material is inconsistent with the express disclosureherein, in which case the language in this disclosure shall control.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to battery pack assemblies, and moreparticularly, to battery pack assemblies for electric vehicles.

BACKGROUND

Modern battery electric vehicles (BEVs) include a battery system capableof storing energy to be used to power the electric vehicle. For example,electrical energy provided by the battery system may be used to powerone or more electric motors to drive the vehicle's wheels as well aspower other electrically operated systems of the vehicle. In heavy-dutyelectric commercial vehicles, battery requirements (volume, mass,capacity, power output, etc.) may be substantial due to the size andweight of the vehicle and weight of the trailer and cargo to bedelivered. While heavy-duty vehicle platforms typically comprise morevolume to accommodate large battery systems compared to passengervehicle platforms, the need to efficiently package and arrange thesebattery systems remains due to regulations governing vehicle size andweight and the need to package high voltage auxiliary components such ashigh voltage cables. Moreover, safety remains an important considerationgiven the high operating voltages of typical commercial vehicle batterysystems. Accordingly, compact and safe battery pack assemblies forheavy-duty electric vehicles remain desirable.

SUMMARY

In an exemplary embodiments, a battery pack assembly comprises: abattery enclosure comprising a first side panel, a second side panel, athird side panel, a fourth side panel, a junction box panel, a toppanel, and a bottom panel defining a module containing volume, avertically oriented, internal dividing panel coupled to the top paneland the bottom panel and located in the module containing volume, ahorizontally oriented, internal dividing panel coupled to the verticallyoriented, internal dividing panel and the first side panel and locatedin the module containing volume, a junction box coupled to the junctionbox panel and comprising a first high voltage connector, a second highvoltage connector, a third high voltage connector, a fourth high voltageconnector, and a communications connector, and a first battery modulepositioned above the bottom panel, a second battery module positionedabove the first battery module, a third battery module positioned abovethe second battery module, a fourth battery module positioned above thethird battery module, a fifth battery module positioned above the fourthbattery module, a sixth battery module positioned above the fifthbattery module, a seventh battery module positioned above the sixthbattery module, and an eighth battery module adjacent to the thirdbattery module, the fourth battery module, the fifth battery module, thesixth battery module, and the seventh battery module, wherein the firstbattery module through the seventh battery module are positioned in afirst orientation and stacked to form a column of battery modules, andwherein the eighth battery module is positioned in a second orientationat an angle of substantially 90 degrees relative to the column ofbattery modules and positioned between the vertically oriented, internaldividing panel and the first side panel and positioned between thehorizontally oriented, internal dividing panel and the top panel.

The angle may be relative to an axis extending through the battery packassembly that is parallel to the first side panel, the second sidepanel, the top panel, and the bottom panel and orthogonal to the thirdside panel and the fourth side panel. The junction box may be locatedbeneath the eighth battery module. The battery pack assembly may furthercomprise a battery pack thermal system configured to provide a coolantto the first battery module, the second battery module, the thirdbattery module, the fourth battery module, the fifth battery module, thesixth battery module, the seventh battery module, and the eighth batterymodule. The first side panel and the second side panel may each compriseat least one mounting bracket configured to be coupled to a batteryframe assembly of an electric vehicle. The first battery module, thesecond battery module, the third battery module, the fourth batterymodule, the fifth battery module, the sixth battery module, the seventhbattery module, and the eighth battery module may be electricallycoupled in series. The battery pack assembly may be configured with acapacity of between 100 amp-hours (Ah) and 130 Ah and with a net energyof between 40 kilowatt-hours (kWh) and 120 kWh.

In another exemplary embodiment, a battery enclosure comprises: a firstside panel, a second side panel spaced apart from and substantiallyparallel to the first side panel, a third side panel coupled to thefirst side panel and the second side panel, a fourth side panel spacedapart from the third side panel and coupled to the first side panel andthe second side panel, a top panel substantially orthogonal to the firstside panel, the second side panel, the third side panel, and the fourthside panel and coupled to the first side panel, the second side panel,the third side panel, and the fourth side panel, a bottom panelsubstantially orthogonal to the first side panel, the second side panel,the third side panel, and the fourth side panel and coupled to the firstside panel, the second side panel, the third side panel, and the fourthside panel, and a junction box panel coupled to the bottom panel and thefirst side panel, wherein the junction box panel is oriented at a firstangle relative to the bottom panel and a second angle relative to thefirst side panel.

The battery enclosure may further comprise a vertically oriented,internal dividing panel coupled to the top panel and the bottom panel.The battery enclosure may further comprise a horizontally oriented,internal dividing panel coupled to the vertically oriented, internaldividing panel and the first side panel. The third side panel may besubstantially orthogonal to the fourth side panel. The first angle maybe between 110 and 120 degrees and the second angle may be between 150and 160 degrees. At least a portion of the junction box may besubstantially aligned with the first panel when viewed from a directionnormal to the fourth side panel.

In another exemplary embodiment, a battery pack assembly comprises: abattery enclosure comprising a plurality of panels and defining a modulecontaining volume, a plurality of battery modules in the modulecontaining volume, a junction box coupled to the plurality of panels andcomprising a first high voltage connector, a second high voltageconnector, a third high voltage connector, a fourth high voltageconnector, a manual service disconnect (MSD), and a pyro fuse, and alaminated busbar assembly, comprising: a first conductive layerelectrically coupled to the first high voltage connector and the secondhigh voltage connector, a second conductive layer electrically coupledto the third high voltage connector and the fourth high voltageconnector, a third conductive layer electrically coupled to the pyrofuse, and a fourth conductive layer electrically coupled to the MSD,wherein the first conductive layer is configured to receive current fromthe plurality of battery modules and deliver current to at least one ofthe first high voltage connector and the second high voltage connector,wherein the second conductive layer is configured to receive currentfrom at least one of the third high voltage connector and the fourthhigh voltage connector and deliver current to the plurality of batterymodules, and wherein the fourth conductive layer is configured toreceive current from the plurality of battery modules and delivercurrent to the third conductive layer through the pyro fuse and the MSD.

The battery pack assembly may further comprise a first contactorelectrically coupled to the third high voltage connector and the fourthhigh voltage connector. The battery pack assembly may further comprise asecond contactor electrically coupled to the first high voltageconnector and the second high voltage connector. The second contactormay be electrically coupled to a current sensor that is electricallycoupled to the first conductive layer of the laminated busbar assembly.The first conductive layer may comprise a horizontal leg and a verticalleg, the second conductive layer comprises a horizontal leg and avertical leg, the third conductive layer comprises a horizontal leg anda vertical leg, and the fourth conductive layer comprises a horizontalleg and a vertical leg. The junction box may further comprise apre-charge circuit configured to limit inrush current into the batterypack assembly. The pyro fuse and the MSD may be electrically coupled viaa busbar.

The contents of this section are intended as a simplified introductionto the disclosure and are not intended to limit the scope of any claim.The foregoing features and elements may be combined in variouscombinations without exclusivity, unless expressly indicated otherwise.These features and elements as well as the operation thereof will becomemore apparent in light of the following description and the accompanyingdrawings. It should be understood, however, the following descriptionand drawings are intended to be exemplary in nature and non-limiting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings are included to provide a furtherunderstanding of the present disclosure and are incorporated in, andconstitute a part of, this specification, illustrate variousembodiments, and together with the description, serve to explainexemplary principles of the disclosure.

FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of an electric vehicle comprisingat least one battery pack assembly, in accordance with variousembodiments;

FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of an electric vehicle with a cabremoved, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 3 illustrates a boundary diagram of a battery pack assembly of anelectric vehicle, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 4A illustrates a perspective view of a battery pack assembly of anelectric vehicle, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 4B illustrates a first side view of a battery pack assembly of anelectric vehicle, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 4C illustrates a second side view of a battery pack assembly of anelectric vehicle, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 4D illustrates a third side view of a battery pack assembly of anelectric vehicle, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 4E illustrates a bottom view of a battery pack assembly of anelectric vehicle, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 4F illustrates a top view of a battery pack assembly of an electricvehicle, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 4G illustrates a side view of a battery pack assembly with multipleside panels removed, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 5A illustrates a perspective view of a battery pack assembly with abattery enclosure removed, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 5B illustrates a first side view of a battery pack assembly with abattery enclosure removed, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 5C illustrates a second side view of a battery pack assembly with abattery enclosure removed, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 5D illustrates a third side view of a battery pack assembly with abattery enclosure removed, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 5E illustrates a fourth side view of a battery pack assembly with abattery enclosure removed, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 6A illustrates a perspective view of a battery pack assemblythermal system, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 6B illustrates a first side view of a battery pack assembly thermalsystem, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 6C illustrates a second side view of a battery pack assemblythermal system, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 7A illustrates a perspective view of an electrical contact assemblyand a junction box of a battery pack assembly, in accordance withvarious embodiments;

FIG. 7B illustrates a first side view of an electrical contact assemblyand a junction box of a battery pack assembly, in accordance withvarious embodiments;

FIG. 7C illustrates a second side view of an electrical contact assemblyand a junction box of a battery pack assembly, in accordance withvarious embodiments;

FIG. 7D illustrates a perspective view of an electrical contact assemblyand a junction box of a battery pack assembly, in accordance withvarious embodiments;

FIG. 7E illustrates a perspective view of a laminated busbar assembly ofan electrical contact assembly, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 8A illustrates a perspective view of a junction box with a junctionbox panel removed, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 8B illustrates a perspective view of a junction box with a junctionbox panel removed, in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 8C illustrates a perspective view of a junction box with a junctionbox panel removed, in accordance with various embodiments; and

FIG. 8D illustrates a top view of a junction box with a junction boxpanel removed, in accordance with various embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The detailed description of various embodiments herein makes referenceto the accompanying drawings, which show various embodiments by way ofillustration. While these various embodiments are described insufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice thedisclosure, it should be understood that other embodiments may berealized and that logical chemical, electrical, or mechanical changesmay be made without departing from the spirit and scope of thedisclosure. Thus, the detailed description herein is presented forpurposes of illustration only and not of limitation.

For example, the steps recited in any of the method or processdescriptions may be executed in any suitable order and are notnecessarily limited to the order presented. Furthermore, any referenceto singular includes plural embodiments, and any reference to more thanone component or step may include a singular embodiment or step. Also,any reference to attached, fixed, connected, or the like may includepermanent, removable, temporary, partial, full, and/or any otherpossible attachment option. Additionally, any reference to withoutcontact (or similar phrases) may also include reduced contact or minimalcontact.

For example, in the context of the present disclosure, methods, systems,and articles may find particular use in connection with battery electricvehicles (including hybrid battery electric vehicles), fuel cellelectric vehicles, compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles, hythane (mixof hydrogen and natural gas) vehicles, and/or the like. However, variousaspects of the disclosed embodiments may be adapted for performance in avariety of other systems. Further, in the context of the presentdisclosure, methods, systems, and articles may find particular use inany system requiring use of a battery. As such, numerous applications ofthe present disclosure may be realized.

As used herein, the term “high voltage” is defined as an electricpotential difference (or components rated to operate at an electricpotential difference) of at least 100 volts (V). However, it should beappreciated that the electrical systems and components disclosed hereinmay be configured to operate at voltages greater than 100 V, forexample, voltages greater than 200 V, greater than 300 V, greater than400 V, greater than 500 V, greater than 600 V, greater than 700 V,greater than 800 V, greater than 900 V, or greater than 1000 V. As usedherein, the terms “vertical,” “above,” “below,” “upper,” “lower,” and“height” are in relation to the Z-direction as illustrated. The terms“horizontal,” “width,” and “length” are in relation to the X-directionor Y-direction as illustrated depending on context. The term“substantially” with respect to a measurement indicates that themeasurement is +/−10% of the reference measurement.

Medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles are large contributors togreenhouse gas emissions both domestically and internationally. Forexample, while constituting only about five percent of on-road vehiclesin the United States in 2018, the United States Environmental ProtectionAgency estimates that such vehicles accounted for approximately 25% oftotal emissions in the transportation sector. As a result, there hasbeen a recent push to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from medium- andheavy-duty commercial vehicles, in part through the electrification ofthese vehicles. As a result, traditional problems related to thepackaging of internal combustion engines have been replaced withproblems related to the packaging and protection of battery assembliesand related electronics. These problems are exaggerated in medium- andheavy-duty commercial electric vehicles, in part due to the increasedpower needs of these vehicles. Accordingly, new battery pack assembliesfor vehicles, and in particular, commercial vehicles, remain desirable.

Accordingly, with reference to FIG. 1 , an electric vehicle 100 isillustrated from a top perspective view, in accordance with variousembodiments. As illustrated in FIG. 1 , electric vehicle 100 is aheavy-duty BEV. Electric vehicle 100 is a tractor unit which may tow atrailer unit configured to hold and transport cargo. Electric vehicle100 comprises a class 8, class 7, class 6, or any other weightclassification of tractor-trailer combination. As described herein,electric vehicle 100 extends in a longitudinal direction along theY-axis from a rear of electric vehicle 100 to a front of electricvehicle 100. Electric vehicle 100 extends in a transverse directionalong the X-axis from a driver side of electric vehicle 100 to apassenger side of electric vehicle 100. Finally, electric vehicle 100extends in a vertical direction along the Z-axis from a ground surfaceon which electric vehicle 100 drives to a top of electric vehicle 100.

Electric vehicle 100 comprises a cab 102 supported by a chassis 104. Cab102 may be configured to shelter one or more vehicle operators orpassengers from the external environment. In various embodiments, cab102 comprises a door configured to allow ingress and egress into andfrom cab 102, one or more seats, a windshield, and numerous accessoriesconfigured to improve comfort for the operator and passenger(s). Asillustrated in FIG. 1 , electric vehicle 100 comprises a cab-over or cabforward style tractor unit but is not limited in this regard and maycomprise any style of tractor unit including a conventional or Americancab style tractor unit.

Chassis 104, otherwise known as the vehicle frame, is configured tosupport various components and systems of electric vehicle 100,including cab 102. Chassis 104 comprises a ladder-like structure withvarious mounting points for suspension, powertrain, batteries, and othersystems of electric vehicle 100. Chassis 104 supports and is coupled toa battery frame assembly 106 which is configured to house one or morebatter), pack assemblies 200, each of which provide power to and operatehigh voltage components and systems of electric vehicle 100. Batteryframe assembly 106 may be covered by one or more side covers 108configured to provide corrosion-resistance and to improve aerodynamicsalong the sides of battery frame assembly 106. Electric vehicle 100further comprises wheels 110 having one or more tires coupled to one ormore axles 120 and configured to roll along a driving surface. Invarious embodiments, electric vehicle 100 comprises a pair of singlewheels coupled to a front axle 120A, and a pair of dual wheels coupledto two rear axles (first rear axle 120B and second rear axle 120C). Oneor more axles may be driven. For example, in various embodiments,electric vehicle 100 comprises a 6×2 configuration with a single drivenaxle; however, electric vehicle 100 is not limited in this regard andmay comprise a 4×2, 6×4, 6×6, or other suitable configuration. Batteryframe assembly 106 may be positioned between front axle 120A and firstrear axle 120B. One or more trailer units (not shown) may be coupled toelectric vehicle 100, for example via a fifth-wheel coupling 112.

With reference to FIG. 2 , electric vehicle 100 is illustrated with cab102 removed, in accordance with various embodiments. As previouslydiscussed, electric vehicle 100 comprises chassis 104 and battery frameassembly 106 coupled to chassis 104. Battery frame assembly 106 mayaccommodate one or more battery pack assemblies 200. As will bedescribed in further detail below, battery pack assemblies 200 containone or more modules, each of which contains one or more battery cells.The battery cells, battery modules, and battery packs may beelectrically coupled to each other in series and/or parallel to increasevoltage and/or current depending on electric vehicle 100 operationrequirements. Battery pack assemblies 200 may be modular in nature,meaning the battery packs may function individually or in combination toachieve desired energy output. Moreover, one or more battery packassemblies 200 may be removed from electric vehicle 100 to limit weightoccupied by battery pack assemblies 200 depending on operational andpayload needs without affecting the remaining battery pack assemblies200. Finally, each battery pack assembly 200 may comprise a similar sizeand shape as every other battery pack assembly 200 in order to permitcustomization of the location of the battery pack assemblies 200 inbattery frame assembly 106. Stated otherwise, any battery pack assembly200 may be positioned in any location in battery frame assembly 106 inorder to permit efficient swapping of battery pack assemblies 200 orcustomization of the number and orientation of multiple battery packassemblies 200 in battery frame assembly 106.

Battery pack assemblies 200 are configured to power one or more electricmotors to drive electric vehicle 100. For example, one or more of frontaxle 120A, first rear axle 120B, or second rear axle 120C of electricvehicle 100 may comprise an electric axle, or e-axle, which may includeone or more electric motors, one or more gearboxes, and a differentialconfigured to drive wheels of electric vehicle 100. In variousembodiments, direct current from battery pack assemblies 200 may beconverted to alternating current in one or more inverters 122 anddirected to one or more electric motors in each e-axle. However, invarious embodiments, an electric motor may comprise an alternatingcurrent or direct current motor coupled to each individual wheel. Eache-axle may comprise a solid axle configuration or a split axleconfiguration. Numerous embodiments are contemplated in this regard.

Electric vehicle 100 may further comprise one or more suspension systems118 (for example, leaf spring, equalizer beam, torsion bar, or airspring suspension systems), one or more fenders 124, and one or more mudguards 126, among other components which will not be described in detailherein for sake of brevity.

With reference now to FIG. 3 , a boundary diagram of battery packassembly 200 is illustrated, in accordance with various embodiments.Battery pack assembly 200 may be mechanically, thermally, and/orelectrically coupled to various other systems of electric vehicle 100.For example, in various embodiments, battery pack assembly 200 isconfigured to be thermally coupled to a vehicle thermal system 128.Vehicle thermal system 128 may comprise a thermal system comprising oneor more radiators, one or more heat exchangers, one or more fluid pumps,one or more vapor-compression refrigeration circuits, and coolantrouting components and tubing configured to distribute and/or dissipateheat generated by components of electric vehicle 100 to increase thermaland electrical efficiency of the vehicle. In various embodiments,depending on ambient temperatures and operating conditions, vehiclethermal system 128 is configured to transfer heat to battery packassembly 200 to precondition battery pack assembly 200 in cold ambientconditions, and may also be configured to cool battery pack assembly 200in times of warm ambient conditions or times of high-power output.Vehicle thermal system 128 may be thermally coupled to a battery packthermal system 400 situated within battery pack assembly 200 via one ormore coolant lines 132.

As discussed above, battery pack assembly 200 may be mechanically andremovably coupled to battery frame assembly 106. For example, as will bediscussed further in relation to FIGS. 4A-4G, battery pack assembly 200comprises multiple mounts on a battery pack enclosure configured tomount battery pack assembly 200 to battery frame assembly 106. Eachbattery pack assembly 200 may be configured to be mounted in and/orremoved from any battery pack receptacle of battery frame assembly 106.In various embodiments, battery pack assembly 200 may be coupled tobattery frame assembly 106 using one or more mechanical fasteners 134.Mechanical fasteners 134 may comprise screws, nuts and bolts, latches,clips, rivets, adhesives, or the like, for example. In such a way,battery pack assembly 200 can be coupled to or decoupled from batteryframe assembly 106 in a timely manner and without the need for complextooling or attachment methods while also ensuring minimal movement ofbattery pack assembly 200 as electric vehicle 100 is operated.

In various embodiments, battery pack assembly 200 is in electricalcommunication with a vehicle controller area network (CAN) bus 136. Invarious embodiments, vehicle CAN bus 136 is electrically coupled to oneor more microcontrollers located within battery pack assembly 200 topermit various control systems of electric vehicle 100 to communicatewith, monitor, record data, instruct, and otherwise manage variousfunctions associated with battery pack assembly 200. In variousembodiments, vehicle CAN bus 136 is in electrical communication with oneor more electrical components or systems comprising printed circuitboards (PCBs) (for example, a pre-charge circuit and/or a miniaturecircuit breaker) located within a junction box 600 mounted to batterypack assembly 200 and also in electrical communication with one or moreelectronic control units located in electric vehicle 100. For example,in various embodiments, vehicle CAN bus 136 may also be in electricalcommunication with a front or rear power distribution unit, vehicleelectronic control unit, battery management system, crash sensorelectronic control unit, and/or other vehicle control systemsresponsible for managing or interfacing with battery pack assembly 200.In various embodiments, vehicle CAN bus 136 is electrically coupled tobattery pack assembly 200 using one or more wired connections andcommunication connectors 138, but is not limited in this regard and maybe configured to communicate with battery pack assembly 200 wirelessly.

With continued reference to FIG. 3 , in various embodiments, batterypack assembly 200 is in electrical communication with a vehicle highvoltage bus 140. Vehicle high voltage bus 140 may be configured todistribute high voltage electricity from battery pack assembly 200 (ormultiple battery pack assemblies 200) to high voltage systems ofelectric vehicle 100, including front and rear power distribution units(PDUs), inverters, electric motors, and other high voltage systems. Invarious embodiments, vehicle high voltage bus 140 is in electricalcommunication with battery pack assembly 200 (and other vehicle highvoltage systems) through high voltage cables and connectors 142.

With continued reference to FIG. 3 and with additional reference toFIGS. 4A-4G, battery pack assembly 200 is illustrated separated fromelectric vehicle 100. Broadly speaking, battery pack assembly 200comprises a rigid structure capable of storing one or more batterycells, battery modules, battery pack thermal systems, one or more floodsensors 224, an electrical contact assembly, pack electronics, andwiring. As previously discussed, battery pack assembly 200 may beconfigured to be mounted to battery frame assembly 106 of electricvehicle 100 in order to provide high voltage electricity to the highvoltage systems of electric vehicle 100, including inverters and/orelectric motors, in order to operate electric vehicle 100. Battery packassembly 200 is configured to be coupled to battery frame assembly 106outboard of chassis 104 on a driver's side of electric vehicle 100 oroutboard of chassis 104 on a passenger's side of electric vehicle 100.However, it should be appreciated battery pack assembly 200 could alsobe configured to be coupled to battery frame assembly 106 between sidemembers of chassis 104. Further, battery pack assembly 200 is configuredto be coupled to battery frame assembly 106 at any point along alongitudinal length of battery frame assembly 106, including any row ofbattery pack receptacles as illustrated in FIG. 2 .

Battery pack assembly 200 comprises a battery enclosure 202. In variousembodiments, battery enclosure 202 is configured to: isolate and protectthe contents of battery pack assembly 200 from the external environment;protect persons near battery pack assembly 200 from unintendedelectrical discharges; provide a support structure for one or morebattery modules, battery pack thermal systems, electrical contactassemblies, and electronics; provide a mounting interface with batteryframe assembly 106; compliment desired mechanics of chassis 104; andmitigate the risk of fire propagation between any given battery packassembly 200 and other components and systems of electric vehicle 100.

In various embodiments, battery enclosure 202 comprises a first sidepanel 204, a second side panel 206 opposite first side panel 204, athird side panel 208, and a fourth side panel 210 opposite third sidepanel 208. Each of first side panel 204, second side panel 206, thirdside panel 208, and fourth side panel 210 comprise an exterior surfaceconfigured to face the exterior environment and an interior surfaceconfigured to partially define a module containing volume 212. Firstside panel 204 may be substantially parallel to second side panel 206and third side panel 208 may be substantially parallel to fourth sidepanel 210. First side panel 204 and second side panel 206 may besubstantially orthogonal to both third side panel 208 and fourth sidepanel 210. First side panel 204 may be spaced apart from second sidepanel 206 by a first distance D1. Third side panel 208 may be spacedapart from fourth side panel 210 by a second distance D2. Asillustrated, first distance D1 is less than second distance D2; however,battery enclosure 202 is not limited in this regard and first distanceD1 may be equal to second distance D2 or greater than second distance D2in various embodiments.

In various embodiments, the structure of first side panel 204 may be thesame or different from the structure of second side panel 206. Asillustrated, first side panel 204 comprises a vertical height V1 andsecond side panel comprises a vertical height V2. Vertical height V1 offirst side panel 204 is less than vertical height V2 of second sidepanel 206; however, battery enclosure 202 is not limited in this regardand vertical height V1 may be equal to vertical height V2 or greaterthan vertical height V2 in various embodiments. First side panel 204 andsecond side panel 206 may comprise a common width (X-direction asillustrated), which may also correspond to an overall length of batterypack assembly 200. As illustrated, when assembled to battery frameassembly 106, first side panel 204 is the inboard-facing surface ofbattery pack assembly 200, and second side panel 206 is theoutboard-facing surface of battery pack assembly 200. However, it shouldbe appreciated that, depending on the location of high voltageconnections and structure of battery frame assembly 106, first sidepanel 204 and second side panel 206 may be configured to be oriented inany direction, and either panel may be inboard-facing, outboard-facing,forward-facing, or rear-facing.

In various embodiments, the structure of third side panel 208 may be thesame or different from the structure of fourth side panel 210. Asillustrated, third side panel 208 is a mirror image of fourth side panel210. More specifically, third side panel 208 and fourth side panel 210are mirrored about a vertical plane which is parallel to third sidepanel 208 and fourth side panel 210 and which bisects first side panel204 and second side panel 206. As such, in various embodiments, thirdside panel 208 and fourth side panel 210 comprise substantially similarvertical and horizontal dimensions. As illustrated, when assembled tobattery frame assembly 106, third side panel 208 is the forward-facingsurface of battery pack assembly 200, and fourth side panel 210 is therear-facing surface of battery pack assembly 200. However, it should beappreciated that depending on the location of high voltage connectionsand structure of battery frame assembly 106, third side panel 208 andfourth side panel 210 may be configured to be oriented in any directionand either panel may be inboard-facing, outboard-facing, forward-facing,or rear-facing.

Battery enclosure 202 further comprises a top panel 214 and a bottompanel 216 spaced apart and opposite top panel 214. Each of top panel 214and bottom panel 216 comprise an exterior surface configured to face theexternal environment and an interior surface configured to partiallydefine module containing volume 212. Bottom panel 216 may be configuredto support a least a portion of the weight of modules in battery packassembly 200 either directly or indirectly through first side panel 204,second side panel 206, third side panel 208 and/or fourth side panel210. Top panel 214 comprises a plurality of apertures 254 configured toreceive an equal number of fasteners to mechanically couple a catwalkplate (not shown) to top panel 214. In various embodiments, top panel214 comprises nine apertures 254 configured to receive nine fasteners;however, top panel 214 is not limited in this regard and may comprisemore or fewer apertures 254. While discussed herein as comprising aplurality of apertures in top panel 214, battery enclosure 202 is notlimited in this regard and may comprise one or more apertures in any ofthe panels configured to receive fasteners to mechanically couplecatwalk plates to battery enclosure 202.

Top panel 214 may be substantially parallel to bottom panel 216. Bothtop panel 214 and bottom panel 216 may be substantially orthogonal toeach of first side panel 204, second side panel 206, third side panel208, and fourth side panel 210. Top panel 214 may be spaced apart frombottom panel 216 by a vertical distance (Z-direction as illustrated)substantially equal to vertical height V2 of second side panel 206. Toppanel 214 comprises a width (X-direction as illustrated) equal to firstdistance D1 and a length (Y-direction as illustrated) equal to seconddistance D2. Bottom panel 216 comprises a length (Y-direction asillustrated) equal to second distance D2; however, in variousembodiments, bottom panel 216 may comprise a width (X-direction asillustrated) less than first distance D1. As such, in variousembodiments, bottom panel 216 may comprise a length substantiallysimilar of the length of top panel 214 but comprise a width less than awidth of top panel 214. However, it should be appreciated that batterypack assembly 200 is not limited in this regard and bottom panel 216 maycomprise length and width dimensions equal to or greater than the lengthand width dimensions of top panel 214.

Battery enclosure 202 further comprises a junction box panel 218.Similar to first side panel 204, second side panel 206, third side panel208, fourth side panel 210, top panel 214, and bottom panel 216,junction box panel 218 comprises an exterior surface configured to facethe external environment and an internal surface configured to partiallydefine module containing volume 212 and partially define a volume ofjunction box 600. When assembled to battery pack assembly 200, junctionbox panel 218 may be situated at a first angle α relative to bottompanel 216 and a second angle β relative to first side panel 204. Forexample, with attention to FIG. 4D, first angle α may be defined as theangle between an outer surface of bottom panel 216 and an outer surfaceof junction box panel 218. Second angle β may be defined as the anglebetween an outer surface of first side panel 204 and the outer surfaceof junction box panel 218. In various embodiments, first angle α may bebetween 100 and 130 degrees, or between 110 and 120 degrees. Secondangle β may be between 140 and 170 degrees, or between 150 and 160degrees. Stated otherwise, junction box panel 218 is configured to becoupled to outboard edge 220 of bottom panel 216 and extend vertically(positive Z-direction as illustrated) and horizontally (positiveY-direction as illustrated) outward to be coupled to a lower flange onfirst side panel 204. As such, an outer edge 222 of junction box 600(including high voltage connections and communications connections)coupled to junction box panel 218 may be substantially aligned withfirst side panel 204 when viewed in a direction normal fourth side panel210 (i.e., FIG. 4D). In such a way, junction box 600 may be coupled tobattery pack assembly 200 without occupying a large volume (outside of avolume associated with battery pack assembly 200), which permits batterypack assembly 200 (and accompanying high voltage cables andcommunication cables) to be coupled to battery frame assembly 106 in asimilar compact manner. In various embodiments, junction box 600 may bepositioned vertically below at least one battery module (for example, aneighth battery module 300-8) positioned in battery enclosure 202. Whiledescribed herein as comprising a separate junction box panel 218,battery enclosure 202 is not limited in this regard and junction boxpanel 218 may be integral with first side panel 204 (which may becoupled to and form a right angle with bottom panel 216) and/or bottompanel 216.

With continued reference to FIGS. 3-4G, one or more of first side panel204, second side panel 206, third side panel 208, fourth side panel 210,top panel 214, bottom panel 216, or junction box panel 218 may comprisesubstantially planar surfaces that may be made of any suitable material.For example, in various embodiments, each of the panels may comprise ametallic material such as aluminum, aluminum alloy, magnesium, magnesiumalloy, titanium, titanium alloy, or steel alloy. In various embodiments,each panel may comprise a 6061-T6 aluminum. However, in variousembodiments, the panels comprise a polymer, composite material,carbon-fiber material, or any other suitable material or combinationsthereof having a relatively low weight and high strength.

Moreover, in various embodiments, the material selection for the variouspanels may be the same or may differ. For example, certain panelsrequiring greater strength or stiffness (for example, bottom panel 216)may comprise a first material, while other panels requiring differingmaterial properties (for example, junction box panel 218) may comprise asecond material different from the first material. In variousembodiments, certain panels comprise a first material having arelatively low coefficient of thermal conductivity, while the otherpanels comprise a second material having a relatively high coefficientof thermal conductivity but lower density. For example, in variousembodiments, certain panels (any number of first side panel 204, secondside panel 206, third side panel 208, fourth side panel 210, top panel214, bottom panel 216, or junction box panel 218) comprise a steel alloymaterial, while the remaining panels comprise an aluminum alloy. In sucha way, battery enclosure 202 may be tailored to limit heat transfer inareas (or panels) deemed more likely to experience heat as a result of abattery fire, while not excessively affecting the weight of battery packassembly 200 or electric vehicle 100. In various embodiments, batterypack assembly 200 may comprise a thermal barrier material (such asyttria-stabilized zirconia, polyurethane, aramid, ceramic, or polyamidematerial) sprayed on or coupled to the interior surface of one or morepanels (any number of first side panel 204, second side panel 206, thirdside panel 208, fourth side panel 210, top panel 214, bottom panel 216,or junction box panel 218) or between one or more battery modules. Invarious embodiments, battery pack assembly 200 comprises a thermalbarrier material between each battery module such that a thermal eventin any given battery module does not propagate to (or is substantiallydelayed in propagating to) an adjacent battery module. In variousembodiments, the thermal barrier material may be positioned between eachbattery module and the cold plate of each battery module. The thermalbarrier material may be configured to contain fire within battery packassembly 200 and prevent (or substantially delay) the fire frompropagating to adjacent components or systems.

In various embodiments, the panels may be manufactured using anysuitable process including additive manufacturing, casting, stamping,machining, forging, drawing, extruding, welding, or a combinationthereof. One or more of first side panel 204, second side panel 206,third side panel 208, fourth side panel 210, top panel 214, bottom panel216, or junction box panel 218 comprise one or more stiffening ribs 270and one or more recesses 272. Depending on shape and orientation,stiffening ribs 270 may be configured to resist tensile, compressive,and/or torsion forces acting on battery enclosure 202, while recesses272 may be configured to reduce the weight of battery enclosure 202.

As illustrated in FIGS. 4A-4G, each panel is mechanically coupled to atleast one other panel to partially form battery enclosure 202. Forexample, first side panel 204 is coupled to top panel 214 via aplurality of fasteners along a top flange 226 of first side panel 204and coupled to junction box panel 218 via a plurality of fasteners alonga bottom flange 228 of first side panel 204. Junction box panel 218 iscoupled to first side panel 204 via a plurality of fasteners along a topflange 230 of junction box panel 218 and coupled to bottom panel 216 viaa plurality of fasteners along a bottom flange 232 of junction box panel218. Second side panel 206 is coupled to top panel 214 via a pluralityof fasteners along a top flange 234 of second side panel 206 and coupledto bottom panel 216 via a plurality of fasteners along a bottom flange236 of second side panel 206. Third side panel 208 is coupled to toppanel 214 via a plurality of fasteners along a top flange 238 of thirdside panel 208, coupled to first side panel 204 and junction box panel218 via a plurality of fasteners along a first side flange 240 of thirdside panel 208, coupled to second side panel 206 via a plurality offasteners along a second side flange 242 of third side panel 208, andcoupled to bottom panel 216 via a plurality of fasteners along a bottomflange 244 of third side panel 208. Finally, fourth side panel 210 iscoupled to top panel 214 via a plurality of fasteners along a top flange246 of fourth side panel 210, coupled to first side panel 204 andjunction box panel 218 via a plurality of fasteners along a first sideflange 248 of fourth side panel 210, coupled to second side panel 206via a plurality of fasteners along a second side flange 250 of fourthside panel 210, and coupled to bottom panel 216 via a plurality offasteners along a bottom flange 252 of fourth side panel 210.

While discussed herein as comprising a plurality of fasteners, batteryenclosure 202 is not limited in this regard and the various panels maybe coupled together via any suitable method. For example, in variousembodiments, the various panels of battery enclosure 202 may be welded,friction stir-welded, brazed, press-fit, snap fit, soldered, chemicallywelded, adhered using adhesives, or other suitable coupling method. Suchalternative coupling methods may, in some cases, reduce or eliminate theneed for internal ground wires between the various panels of batteryenclosure 202. Alternatively, two or more panels may be formedintegrally to eliminate the need to couple the panels after formationwhich may reduce part count and assembly/service time. Further, acombination of multiple coupling methods may be utilized to securevarious components of battery enclosure 202.

In various embodiments, battery enclosure 202 further comprises one ormore upper mounting brackets 256. Battery enclosure 202 can comprise twoupper mounting brackets 256 located on the upper corners of first sidepanel 204 and two upper mounting brackets 256 located on the uppercorners of second side panel 206; however, it should be appreciated thatbattery enclosure 202 is not limited in this regard and may comprisemore or fewer upper mounting brackets 256 that may be coupled to variousother panels, including top panel 214, third side panel 208, and fourthside panel 210. Upper mounting brackets 256 can be formed integrallywith first side panel 204 and second side panel 206 or can be formedseparately from first side panel 204 and second side panel 206 and latercoupled to first side panel 204 and second side panel 206 (or any otherpanel) via one or more fasteners or the like. As illustrated, each uppermounting bracket 256 comprises two vertical stiffening ribs 260 and onehorizontal stiffening rib 262. Horizontal stiffening rib 262 may beformed integrally with vertical stiffening ribs 260 or formed separatelyand later coupled to vertical stiffening ribs 260. Vertical stiffeningribs 260 may be configured to resist vertical tensile and compressiveforces caused by vertical shifting of battery pack assembly 200 aselectric vehicle 100 operates (for example, as electric vehicle 100moves along an uneven or bumpy road surface). Horizontal stiffening ribs262 may be configured to resist horizontal tensile and compressiveforces caused by horizontal movement of battery pack assembly 200 aselectric vehicle 100 operates (for example, as electric vehicle 100accelerates or decelerates). Together, vertical stiffening ribs 260 andhorizontal stiffening ribs 262 may also resist torsion forces caused byrotational movements of battery pack assembly 200.

In various embodiments, each vertical stiffening rib 260 comprises ahorizontally extending aperture 264 configured to reduce the weight ofbattery pack enclosure 202. For example, as illustrated, each verticalstiffening rib 260 comprises a horizontally extending aperture 264situated above horizontal stiffening rib 262; however, it should beappreciated that each vertical stiffening rib 260 may comprise multiplehorizontally extending apertures 264 above and/or below horizontalstiffening rib 262.

In various embodiments, each horizontal stiffening rib 262 comprises avertically extending aperture 266 configured to receive at least onefastener. For example, in various embodiments, vertically extendingaperture 266 may be configured to receive a bolt configured to removablycouple battery pack assembly 200 to battery frame assembly 106. Invarious embodiments, the bolt (or other suitable mechanical fastener)may be configured to be inserted into vertically extending aperture 266in a direction from top panel 214 to bottom panel 216, thereby allowingthe bolt to be accessed from the top of battery pack assembly 200. Insuch a way, production and service staff may quickly and efficientlycouple battery pack assembly 200 to (and decouple battery pack assembly200 from) battery frame assembly 106 within minimal vehicle downtime.

In various embodiments, battery enclosure 202 further comprises lowermounting brackets 258. As illustrated, battery enclosure 202 comprisestwo lower mounting brackets 258 with one lower mounting bracket 258coupled to each lower corner of second side panel 206; however, itshould be appreciated that battery enclosure 202 is not limited in thisregard and may comprise more or fewer lower mounting brackets 258 thatcan be coupled to various other panels, including bottom panel 216,third side panel 208, and fourth side panel 210. Lower mounting brackets258 can be formed integrally with second side panel 206 or can be formedseparately from second side panel 206 and later coupled to second sidepanel 206 (or any other panel) via one or more fasteners or the like. Asillustrated, each lower mounting bracket 258 comprises a single verticalstiffening rib 268; however, lower mounting brackets 258 are not limitedin this regard and may comprise multiple vertical stiffening ribs and/orhorizontal stiffening ribs. Vertical stiffening rib 268 may beconfigured to resist vertical tensile and compressive forces caused byvertical shifting of battery pack assembly 200 as electric vehicle 100operates (for example, as electric vehicle 100 moves along an uneven orbumpy road surface). In various embodiments, each vertical stiffeningrib 268 comprises a horizontally extending aperture 274 configured toreceive at least one fastener to assist in coupling battery packassembly 200 to battery frame assembly 106.

Battery enclosure 202 further comprises one or more vents. In variousembodiments, battery enclosure 202 comprises a first vent 276 coupled toand extending through first side panel 204. First vent 276 may becentered horizontally (Y-direction as illustrated) and positioned aboveand adjacent to junction box panel 218. Battery enclosure 202 mayfurther comprise a second vent 278 and a third vent 280. Second vent 278and third vent 280 are coupled to and extend through second side panel206 and are positioned a similar distance from top panel 214 and bottompanel 216. Second vent 278 and third vent 280 are adjacent to each otherin the horizontal direction. Each of first vent 276, second vent 278,and third vent 280 comprise a membrane configured to permit airflowwhile filtering out potentially harmful molecules. In variousembodiments, each of first vent 276, second vent 278, and third vent 280comprise a hydrophobic and chemically inert material such as an expandedpolytetrafluoroethylene material. In the event of thermal runaway of oneor more cells in battery pack assembly 200, first vent 276, second vent278, and third vent 280 may be configured to permit combustion gases toexit battery enclosure 202, thereby resulting in pressure equalization,reducing the risk of explosion of battery pack assembly 200. In variousembodiments, each of first vent 276, second vent 278, and third vent 280are covered by a vent shield 282 configured to prevent the vents fromclogging from airborne particulates. While illustrated as comprising onevent coupled to first side panel 204 and two vents coupled to secondside panel 206, battery enclosure 202 is not limited in this regard andmay comprise more or fewer vents coupled to any of first side panel 204,second side panel 206, third side panel 208, fourth side panel 210, toppanel 214, bottom panel 216, or junction box panel 218. For example, invarious embodiments, bottom panel 216 comprises a vent configured toallow flames and hot gases to escape toward the ground surface. Whilediscussed herein as comprising external vents coupled to batteryenclosure 202, battery pack assembly 200 is not limited in this regardand may additionally or alternatively comprise one or more vents coupledto battery modules.

With primary reference to FIG. 4G and FIGS. 5A-5E, battery pack assembly200 is illustrated with various panels removed. More specifically, FIG.4G illustrates battery pack assembly 200 with third side panel 208,fourth side panel 210, and junction box panel 218 removed. FIGS. 5A-5Eillustrate battery pack assembly 200 with first side panel 204, secondside panel 206, third side panel 208, fourth side panel 210, top panel214, bottom panel 216, and junction box panel 218 removed. Forillustration purposes, the internal contents of battery pack assembly200 are removed in FIG. 4G apart from a plurality of module coolingplates 302 (to indicate positioning and orientation of one or morebattery modules), while FIGS. 5A-5E illustrate substantially completeinternal contents of battery pack assembly 200.

Battery pack assembly 200 (and battery enclosure 202) is configured tohouse one or more battery modules 300. Battery modules 300 contain oneor more secondary (or rechargeable) battery cells configured to storeand provide electrical power to high voltage systems of electric vehicle100. For example, in various embodiments, battery modules 300 maycomprise a plurality of battery cells that may be electrically coupledin series and/or parallel to achieve a desired output voltage andcurrent. In various embodiments, each battery module 300 may beconfigured with a capacity of between 100 amp-hours (Ah) and 130 Ah, avoltage of between 50 V and 150 V, and a net energy of between 5kilowatt-hours (kWh) and 15 kWh. As will be discussed in additionaldetail below, battery modules 300 can be electrically coupled in seriesand/or parallel to achieve a desired output voltage and current. Invarious embodiments, battery pack assembly 200 can be configured with acapacity of between 100 Ah and 130 Ah, a voltage of between 700 V and900 V, and a net energy of between 40 kWh and 120 kWh.

In various embodiments, battery pack assembly 200 comprises eightbattery modules 300-1 through 300-8. For example, battery pack assembly200 comprises a first battery module 300-1, a second battery module300-2, a third battery module 300-3, a fourth battery module 300-4, afifth battery module 300-5, a sixth battery module 300-6, a seventhbattery module 300-7, and an eighth battery module 300-8. In variousembodiments, first battery module 300-1, second battery module 300-2,third battery module 300-3, and fourth battery module 300-4 areelectrically coupled in series to form a first module subassembly whilefifth battery module 300-5, sixth battery module 300-6, seventh batterymodule 300-7, and eighth battery module 300-8 are electrically coupledin series to form a second module subassembly. In various embodiments,the first module subassembly and the second module subassembly areelectrically coupled in series to form a battery module assembly.

While illustrated and discussed herein as comprising eight batterymodules, battery pack assembly 200 is not limited in this regard and maycomprise any number of battery modules 300-n, which can vary dependingon the nominal voltage and current of the battery cells, the circuitryof the cells within the module, the power requirements of electricvehicle 100, and other factors. Moreover, while illustrated ascomprising substantially identical battery modules, battery packassembly 200 is not limited in this regard and the specifications ofvarious battery modules may differ from each other. For example, invarious embodiments, battery modules 300 may differ in type of cell(i.e., chemistry, structure, nominal voltage, nominal current),orientation of cells, number of cells, electrical connections of cells,size and shape of the module housing, and/or other details.

As illustrated herein, each battery module 300 comprises a generallycuboid geometry having a height (Z-direction as illustrated for batterymodules 300-1 through 300-7 and X-direction as illustrated for batterymodule 300-8), width (X-direction as illustrated for battery modules300-1 through 300-7 and Z-direction as illustrated for battery module300-8), and length (Y-direction as illustrated for battery modules 300-1through 300-8). In various embodiments, the width of each battery module300 is greater than the height of each battery module 300 and the lengthof each battery module 300 is greater than the width of each batterymodule 300. The length of each battery module 300 may be substantiallysimilar to the overall length of battery pack assembly 200 and the widthof each battery module 300 may be substantially similar to the width ofbottom panel 216. In such a way, battery modules 300 may be packaged inbattery pack assembly 200 in a compact manner. Each battery module 300comprises a module housing that comprises one or more sheets of metallicmaterial coupled together and configured to separate the battery cellsof one battery module 300 from the battery cells of an adjacent batterymodule 300.

In various embodiments, at least some of the battery modules 300 can bestacked within battery enclosure 202 to limit the volume occupied bybattery modules 300. For example, in various embodiments, a bottomsurface of first battery module 300-1 is positioned vertically above andadjacent to an internal surface of bottom panel 216. A bottom surface ofsecond battery module 300-2 is positioned vertically above and adjacentto a top surface of first battery module 300-1. A bottom surface ofthird battery module 300-3 is positioned vertically above and adjacentto a top surface of second battery module 300-2. A bottom surface offourth battery module 300-4 is positioned vertically above and adjacentto atop surface of third battery module 300-3. A bottom surface of fifthbattery module 300-5 is positioned vertically above and adjacent to atop surface of fourth battery module 300-4. A bottom surface of sixthbattery module 300-6 is positioned vertically above and adjacent to atop surface of fifth battery module 300-5. A bottom surface of seventhbattery module 300-7 is positioned vertically above and adjacent to topsurface of sixth battery module 300-6. A top surface of seventh batterymodule 300-7 is positioned vertically below and adjacent to an internalsurface of top panel 214. In various embodiments, each battery module offirst battery module 300-1 through seventh battery module 300-7 areoriented in a first configuration and form a battery module column.

A bottom surface of eighth battery module 300-8 is positioned adjacentto a vertically oriented, internal dividing panel 304 and a top surfaceof eighth battery module 300-8 is positioned adjacent to an internalsurface of second side panel 206. Stated otherwise, eighth batterymodule 300-8 may be rotated approximately 90 degrees (for example, aboutthe Y-axis in a clockwise direction or a counterclockwise direction)relative to battery modules 300-1 through 300-7. In various embodiments,eighth battery module 300-8 overlaps vertically with at least a portionof third battery module 300-3, fourth battery module 300-4, fifthbattery module 300-5, sixth battery module 300-6, and seventh batterymodule 300-7. However, the positioning of eighth battery module 300-8 isnot limited in this regard and may overlap with any of the batterymodules, including first battery module 300-1 and second battery module300-2. A horizontally oriented, internal dividing panel 306 separateseighth battery module 300-8 from the internal contents of junction box600. In various embodiments, the battery modules 300 may be in directcontact with each other (and/or the panels of battery enclosure 202) ormay be spaced apart from each other (and/or the panels of batteryenclosure 202) with thermal barrier layers or unoccupied spaces, forexample to reduce conductive heat transfer between the battery modules.In various embodiments, eighth battery module 300-8 has a secondorientation different from the first orientation of first battery module300-1 through seventh battery module 300-7. In various embodiments,eighth battery module 300-8 may be stacked vertically on seventh batterymodule 300-7 similar to the remaining battery modules and have anorientation the same as the first orientation of first battery module300-1 through seventh battery module 300-7.

Battery modules 300 may be removably coupled to battery enclosure 202 inany suitable manner. In various embodiments, battery pack assembly 200comprises one or more side rails 284, which may be integral with one ormore panels of battery enclosure 202, integral with battery modules 300,or separate components mechanically coupled to battery enclosure 202 andbattery modules 300. In various embodiments, battery pack assembly 200may be devoid of side rails 284 and battery modules 300 may be coupleddirectly to various panels of battery enclosure 202. In variousembodiments, battery pack assembly 200 comprises a first side rail 284-1and a second side rail 284-2 configured to be coupled to first batterymodule 300-1, a third side rail 284-3 and a fourth side rail 284-4configured to be coupled to second battery module 300-2, a fifth siderail 284-5 and a sixth side rail 284-6 configured to be coupled to thirdbattery module 300-3, a seventh side rail 284-7 and an eighth side rail284-8 configured to be coupled to fourth battery module 300-4, a ninthside rail 284-9 and a tenth side rail 284-10 configured to be coupled tofifth battery module 300-5, an eleventh side rail 284-11 and a twelfthside rail 284-12 configured to be coupled to sixth battery module 300-6,a thirteenth side rail 284-13 and a fourteenth side rail 284-14configured to be coupled to seventh battery module 300-7, and afifteenth side rail 284-15 and a sixteenth side rail 284-16 configuredto be coupled to eighth battery module 300-8.

Each side rail 284 may comprise a groove 286 which may be configured tomechanically interface with various side panels of battery enclosure 202and a tongue 288 which may be configured to interface with variousbattery modules 300; however, slotted side rails 284 are not limited inthis regard and may comprise two grooves, two tongues, or the groove andthe tongue may be swapped and configured to be coupled to batterymodules 300 and side panels of battery enclosure 202, respectively. Invarious embodiments, each groove 286 and tongue 288 may extend along anentire length (Y-direction as illustrated).

Battery enclosure 202 may further comprise one or more tabs 290. Invarious embodiments, second side panel 206 comprises a first pluralityof tabs 290-1 configured to be inserted into groove 286 of first siderail 284-1, a third plurality of tabs 290-3 configured to be insertedinto groove 286 of third side rail 284-3, a fifth plurality of tabs290-5 configured to be inserted into groove 286 of fifth side rail284-5, a seventh plurality of tabs 290-7 configured to be inserted intogroove 286 of seventh side rail 284-7, a ninth plurality of tabs 290-9configured to be inserted into groove 286 of ninth side rail 284-9, aneleventh plurality of tabs 290-11 configured to be inserted into groove286 of eleventh side rail 284-11, and a thirteenth plurality of tabs290-13 configured to be inserted into groove 286 of thirteenth side rail284-13.

Similarly, vertically oriented, internal dividing panel 304 comprises asecond plurality of tabs 290-2 configured to be inserted into groove 286of second side rail 284-2, a fourth plurality of tabs 290-4 configuredto be inserted into groove 286 of fourth side rail 284-4, a sixthplurality of tabs 290-6 configured to be inserted into groove 286 ofsixth side rail 284-6, an eighth plurality of tabs 290-8 configured tobe inserted into groove 286 of eighth side rail 284-8, a tenth pluralityof tabs 290-10 configured to be inserted into groove 286 of tenth siderail 284-10, a twelfth plurality of tabs 290-12 configured to beinserted into groove 286 of twelfth side rail 284-12, and a fourteenthplurality of tabs 290-14 configured to be inserted into slot 286 offourteenth side rail 284-14. Top panel 241 comprises a fifteenthplurality of tabs 290-15 configured to be inserted into groove 286 offifteenth side rail 284-15 and horizontally oriented, internal dividingpanel 306 comprises a sixteenth plurality of tabs 290-16 configured tobe inserted into groove 286 of sixteenth side rail 284-16. Whilediscussed herein as comprising a plurality of tabs 290, battery packassembly 200 is not limited in this regard and may comprise a single tabin place of each plurality of tabs.

In various embodiments, tongue 288 of first side rail 284-1 isconfigured to be inserted into a first groove in first battery module300-1 and tongue 288 of second side rail 284-2 is configured to beinserted into a second groove in first battery module 300-1. Tongue 288of third side rail 284-3 is configured to be inserted into a firstgroove in second battery module 300-2 and tongue 288 of fourth side rail284-4 is configured to be inserted into a second groove in secondbattery module 300-2. Tongue 288 of fifth side rail 284-5 is configuredto be inserted into a first groove in third battery module 300-3 andtongue 288 of sixth side rail 284-6 is configured to be inserted into asecond groove in third battery module 300-3. Tongue 288 of seventh siderail 284-7 is configured to be inserted into a first groove in fourthbattery module 300-4 and tongue 288 of eighth side rail 284-8 isconfigured to be inserted into a second groove in fourth battery module300-4. Tongue 288 of ninth side rail 284-9 is configured to be insertedinto a first groove in fifth battery module 300-5 and tongue 288 oftenth side rail 284-10 is configured to be inserted into a second groovein fifth battery module 300-5. Tongue 288 of eleventh side rail 284-11is configured to be inserted into a first groove in sixth battery module300-6 and tongue 288 of twelfth side rail 284-12 is configured to beinserted into a second groove in sixth battery module 300-6. Tongue 288of thirteenth side rail 284-13 is configured to be inserted into a firstgroove in seventh battery module 300-7 and tongue 288 of fourteenth siderail 284-14 is configured to be inserted into a second groove in seventhbattery module 300-7. Finally, tongue 288 of fifteenth side rail 284-15is configured to be inserted into a first groove in eighth batterymodule 300-8 and tongue 288 of sixteenth side rail 284-16 is configuredto be inserted into a second groove in eighth battery module 300-8.

Battery pack assembly 200 further comprises one or more fastenersconfigured to mechanically and removably couple together batteryenclosure 202, side rails 284, and battery modules 300. For example, invarious embodiments, battery pack assembly 200 further comprises aplurality of fasteners extending through one or more of first side panel204, second side panel 206, top panel 214, vertically oriented, internaldividing panel 304 and/or horizontally oriented, internal dividing panel306. The fasteners may be configured to be inserted through the variouspanels of battery enclosure 202, through side rails 284, and intobattery modules 300. In various embodiments, the fasteners may extendthrough an upward extending (Z-direction as illustrated) flange ordownward extending flange of each side rail 284.

Due to the arrangement and structures of the components outlined above,battery modules 300 may be coupled to, and decoupled from, battery packassembly 200 in a timely manner. For example, in the event one or morebattery modules 300 need to be removed from and/or replaced in batterypack assembly 200, third side panel 208 and/or fourth side panel 210 maybe decoupled from and removed from the remaining panels of batteryenclosure 202. The fasteners coupling together the various side panels,side rails 284, and battery modules 300 may then be removed, therebypermitting the battery modules 300 to be slid out of battery enclosure202. In various embodiments, battery modules 300 may be removed frombattery enclosure 202 with side rails 284 still coupled to the batterymodules or may be removed from battery enclosure 202 with side rails 284still coupled to battery enclosure 202. In various embodiments, thegrooves 286 and tongues 288 of side rails 284, the tabs 290 of thevarious panels of battery enclosure 202, and/or the grooves in batterymodules 300 may be configured to assist in guiding battery modules 300and/or side rails 284 into or out of battery enclosure 202 and may alsoassist minimizing movement and/or in distributing forces between thevarious components.

In various embodiments, the one or more cold plates 302 may be internalto battery modules 300 or may be external to battery modules 300. Coldplates 302 may be separate components from battery modules 300 and latercoupled to battery modules 300 and/or battery enclosure 202. In variousembodiments, battery pack assembly 302 comprises eight cold plates 302with one cold plate 302 coupled to each battery module 300. In variousembodiments, cold plates 302 may be coupled to side rails 284 via one ormore welded joints, one or more fasteners, via an adhesive, or the like.However, battery pack assembly 200 is not limited in this regard andeach cold plate 302 may be permanently and/or removably coupled to abottom surface of each battery module 300, for example. As will bediscussed in further detail below, cold plates 302 may be configured toreceive a coolant from a battery pack thermal system and cool and/orheat battery modules via conductive heat transfer, for example.

Battery pack assembly 200 may further comprise a thermal barriermaterial between one or more battery modules 300. In variousembodiments, battery pack assembly 200 comprises a first thermal barriermaterial layer above bottom panel 216 and below first battery module300-1, a second thermal barrier material layer above first batterymodule 300-1 and below second battery module 300-2, a third thermalbarrier material layer above second battery module 300-2 and below thirdbattery module 300-3, a fourth thermal barrier material layer abovethird battery module 300-3 and below fourth battery module 300-4, afifth thermal barrier material layer above fourth battery module 300-4and below fifth battery module 300-5, a sixth thermal barrier materiallayer above fifth battery module 300-5 and below sixth battery module300-6, a seventh thermal barrier material layer above sixth batterymodule 300-6 and below seventh battery module 300-7, an eighth thermalbarrier material layer above seventh battery module 300-7 and below toppanel 214, a ninth thermal barrier material layer between verticallyoriented, internal dividing panel 304 (on either side of verticallyoriented, internal dividing panel 304) and eighth battery module 300-8,and a tenth thermal barrier material layer 300-10 between eighth batterymodule 300-8 and first side panel 204. In various embodiments, thethermal battery material layers may completely encapsulate the variousmodules or may extend to one or more sides of each battery module 300.

Referring still to FIGS. 5A-5E and with additional reference to FIGS.6A-6C, a battery pack thermal system 400 is illustrated, in accordancewith various embodiments. FIGS. 5A-5E illustrate battery pack thermalsystem 400 thermally coupled to battery modules 300-1 through 300-8,while FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate battery pack thermal system 400 isolatedand separated from the remaining components of battery pack assembly200. Battery pack thermal system 400 is configured to direct a batterycoolant to and throughout the various battery modules 300, for examplein order to heat battery modules 300 (and battery cells within batterymodules 300) in cold ambient conditions and/or start-up of electricvehicle 100. Battery pack thermal system 400 can further be configuredto cool battery modules 300 (and battery cells within battery modules300) in warm to hot ambient conditions and/or times of high-power outputof electric vehicle 100. In various embodiments, the coolant withinbattery pack thermal system 400 comprises a gaseous coolant such as air,helium, or other inert gas, or liquid such as water, ethylene glycol,propylene glycol, betaine, polyalkylene glycol, a combination of any ofthe above, or other suitable coolant.

Battery pack thermal system 400 comprises a first manifold 402A and asecond manifold 402B. First manifold 402A comprises a pack inlet 404A, afirst main line 406A, a first manifold body 408A, a first plurality ofintermediate lines 410A, a first plurality of distribution lines 412A,and a plurality of manifold inlets 414A. Similarly, second manifold 402Bcomprises a pack outlet 404B, a second main line 406B, a second manifoldbody 408B, a second plurality of intermediate lines 410B, a secondplurality of distribution lines 412B, and a plurality of manifoldoutlets 414B. First manifold 402A can be configured to receive coolantfrom vehicle thermal system 128 and deliver coolant to the variousbattery modules 300. Second manifold 402B can be configured to receivecoolant from the various battery modules 300 and return coolant tovehicle thermal system 128.

In various embodiments, first manifold 402A is positioned proximate toand coupled to the internal surface of third side panel 208, whilesecond manifold 402B is proximate to and coupled to the internal surfaceof fourth side panel 210. First manifold 402A and second manifold 402Bare coupled to third side panel 208 and fourth side panel 210,respectively, via one or more brackets coupled to first manifold body408A and second manifold body 408B. While discussed herein as beingcoupled to third side panel 208 and fourth side panel 210, firstmanifold 402A and second manifold 402B are not limited in this regardand may be coupled to any panel of battery enclosure 202, includingfirst side panel 204, second side panel 206, top panel 214, bottom panel216, and/or junction box panel 218.

In various embodiments, the first plurality of intermediate lines 410Acomprises eight intermediate lines 410A-1 through 410A-8 and the secondplurality of intermediate lines 410B comprises eight intermediate lines410B-1 through 410B-8. For example, the first plurality of intermediatelines 410A comprises a first intermediate line 410A-1 configured toprovide coolant to first battery module 300-1, a second intermediateline 410A-2 configured to provide coolant to second battery module300-2, a third intermediate line 410A-3 configured to provide coolant tothird battery module 300-3, a fourth intermediate line 410A-4 configuredto provide coolant to fourth battery module 300-4, a fifth intermediateline 410A-5 configured to provide coolant to fifth battery module 300-5,a sixth intermediate line 410A-6 configured to provide coolant to sixthbattery module 300-6, a seventh intermediate line 410A-7 configured toprovide coolant to seventh battery module 300-7, and an eighthintermediate line 410A-8 configured to provide coolant to eighth batterymodule 300-8.

Similarly, the second plurality of intermediate lines 410B comprises afirst intermediate line 410B-1 configured to receive coolant from firstbattery module 300-1, a second intermediate line 410B-2 configured toreceive coolant from second battery module 300-2, a third intermediateline 410B-3 configured to receive coolant from third battery module300-3, a fourth intermediate line 410B-4 configured to receive coolantfrom fourth battery module 300-4, a fifth intermediate line 410B-5configured to receive coolant from fifth battery module 300-5, a sixthintermediate line 410B-6 configured to receive coolant from sixthbattery module 300-6, a seventh intermediate line 410B-7 configured toreceive coolant from seventh battery module 300-7, and an eighthintermediate line 410B-8 configured to receive coolant from eighthbattery module 300-8. It should be appreciated, however, that the numberof intermediate lines in the first plurality of intermediate lines 410Aand second plurality of intermediate lines 410B may vary depending onthe number of modules in battery pack assembly 200.

In various embodiments, the first plurality of distribution lines 412Acomprises sixteen distribution lines 412A-1 through 412A-16 and thesecond plurality of distribution lines 412B comprises sixteendistribution lines 412B-1 through 412B-16. For example, the firstplurality of distribution lines 412A comprises a first distribution line412A-1 and a second distribution line 412A-2 configured to providecoolant to first battery module 300-1, a third distribution line 412A-3and a fourth distribution line 412A-4 configured to provide coolant tosecond battery module 300-2, a fifth distribution line 412A-5 and asixth distribution line 412A-6 configured to provide coolant to thirdbattery module 300-3, a seventh distribution line 412A-7 and an eighthdistribution line 412A-8 configured to provide coolant to fourth batterymodule 300-4, a ninth distribution line 412A-9 and a tenth distributionline 412A-10 configured to provide coolant to fifth battery module300-5, an eleventh distribution line 412A-11 and a twelfth distributionline 412A-12 configured to provide coolant to sixth battery module300-6, a thirteenth distribution line 412A-13 and a fourteenthdistribution line 412A-14 configured to provide coolant to seventhbattery module 300-7, and a fifteenth distribution line 412A-15 and asixteenth distribution line 412A-16 configured to provide coolant toeighth battery module 300-8.

Similarly, the second plurality of distribution lines 412B comprises afirst distribution line 412B-1 and a second distribution line 412B-2configured to receive coolant from first battery module 300-1, a thirddistribution line 412B-3 and a fourth distribution line 412B-4configured to receive coolant from second battery module 300-2, a fifthdistribution line 412B-5 and a sixth distribution line 412B-6 configuredto receive coolant from third battery module 300-3, a seventhdistribution line 412B-7 and an eighth distribution line 412B-8configured to receive coolant from fourth battery module 300-4, a ninthdistribution line 412B-9 and a tenth distribution line 412B-10configured to receive coolant from fifth battery module 300-5, aneleventh distribution line 412B-11 and a twelfth distribution line412B-12 configured to receive coolant from sixth battery module 300-6, athirteenth distribution line 412B-13 and a fourteenth distribution line412B-14 configured to receive coolant from seventh battery module 300-7,and a fifteenth distribution line 412B-15 and sixteenth distributionline 412B-16 configured to receive coolant from eighth battery module300-8. It should be appreciated, however, that the number ofdistribution lines in the first plurality of distribution lines 412A andsecond plurality of distribution lines 412B may vary depending on thenumber of modules in battery pack assembly 200.

In various embodiments, the plurality of manifold inlets 414A comprisessixteen manifold inlets, with one manifold inlet 414A coupled to eachdistribution line 412A of the first plurality of distribution lines412A. Likewise, the plurality of manifold outlets 414B comprises sixteenmanifold outlets, with one manifold outlet 414B coupled to eachdistribution line 412B of the second plurality of distribution lines412B. Manifold inlets 414A may be the same as or different from manifoldoutlets 414B. In various embodiments, each manifold inlet 414A and eachmanifold outlet 414B comprises an elbow fitting comprising a quickdisconnect coupling on a first end configured to be removably coupled toan associated battery module thermal inlet or outlet and a male barbedend on a second end configured to be inserted into an associateddistribution line.

With primary focus on first manifold 402A, pack inlet 404A comprises afluid fixture which may extend through first side panel 204. In variousembodiments, pack inlet 404A may comprise a male fixture configured tointerface and fluidly couple to a female fixture of vehicle thermalsystem 128. While discussed herein as comprising a male fixture, packinlet 404A is not limited in this regard and may comprise any suitablefixture configured to be fluidly coupled to a counterpart fixture ofvehicle thermal system 128. In various embodiments, pack inlet 404Acomprises an inlet mounting plate 416A configured to be coupled to theinternal surface of first side panel 204. In various embodiments, packinlet 404A may be coupled to first side panel 204 vertically above andadjacent to junction box 600 and spaced apart and vertically below packoutlet 404B. While discussed herein as being coupled to and extendingthrough first side panel 204, pack inlet 404A (and pack outlet 404B) isnot limited in this regard and may be coupled to and extend through anyother panel of battery enclosure 202. By positioning pack inlet 404Avertically below pack outlet 404B, air entrainment in battery packthermal system 400 may be reduced or avoided. For example, a coolantpump fluidly coupled to vehicle thermal system 128 may pump coolantthrough pack inlet 404A, through battery pack thermal system 400, andout pack outlet 404B. As such, the pump may be configured to pump thecoolant in a direction opposite a gravitational force acting on thecoolant within battery pack thermal system 400, thereby causing thecoolant to flow on an upward pressure gradient which may limit orprevent the formation of air pockets in various portions of battery packthermal system 400, including in main lines 406A/406B, manifold bodies408A/408B, intermediate lines 410A/410B, and distribution lines412A/412B.

A first end of first main line 406A is fluidly coupled to inlet mountingplate 416A and a second end of first main line 406A is fluidly coupledto first manifold body 408A. First main line 406A (and intermediate line410A and distribution line 412A) may comprise flexible, rigid, orsemi-rigid tubes or hoses of any suitable material. In variousembodiments, first main line 406A (and intermediate line 410A anddistribution line 412A) comprise a coated or uncoated silicone, nylon,ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), nitrile, or other suitablematerial. In various embodiments, a diameter (inner and outer) of firstmain line 406A is greater than a diameter (inner and outer) of eachintermediate line 410A of the first plurality of intermediate lines 410Aand each distribution line 412A of the first plurality of distributionlines 412A. In various embodiments, the diameter of each intermediateline 410A of the first plurality of intermediate lines 410A is equal tothe diameter of each distribution line 412A of the first plurality ofdistribution lines 412A. However, in various embodiments, the diameterof first main line 406A may be equal to the diameter of eachintermediate line 410A of the first plurality of intermediate lines 410Aand each distribution line 412A of the first plurality of distributionlines 412A. In various embodiments, the diameter of each intermediateline 410A of the first plurality of intermediate lines 410A is greaterthan the diameter of each distribution line 412A of the first pluralityof distribution lines 412A.

First main line 406A is configured to direct coolant to first manifoldbody 408A through a first manifold body inlet 418A. In variousembodiments, first manifold body inlet 418A is positioned on a lowerhalf (or third or quarter) of first manifold body 408A. First manifoldbody 408A may comprise an elongated, hollow structural section having asubstantially rectangular cross-sectional geometry; however, firstmanifold body 408A is not limited in this regard and may comprise across-sectional geometry of any suitable shape (for example, square,circular, elliptical, etc.). Upon pressurization, coolant may occupy anentire internal volume of first manifold body 408A and may be configuredto exit first manifold body 408A via a plurality of first manifold bodyoutlets 420A. In various embodiments, first manifold 402A compriseseight first manifold body outlets 420A (one for each battery module300); however, first manifold body 408A is not limited in this regardand may comprise more or fewer manifold body outlets 420A depending onthe number of battery modules in battery pack assembly 200.

First manifold body outlets 420A are configured to direct coolantthrough each intermediate line 410A of the first plurality ofintermediate lines 410A. As previously stated, each intermediate line410A may comprise a flexible or semi-flexible material enabling eachintermediate line 410A to be bent to allow for desired positioning ofdistribution lines 412A and/or manifold inlets 414A. As illustratedherein, each intermediate line 410A of the first plurality ofintermediate lines 410A comprises a downward bend; however, it should beappreciated that each intermediate line 410A of the first plurality ofintermediate lines 410A may be bent in a different direction or bestraight depending on the orientation of battery modules 300 orpositioning of coolant inlets on battery modules 300.

The first plurality of intermediate lines 410A are configured to directcoolant through a plurality of intermediate line outlets 422A to thefirst plurality of distribution lines 412A. In various embodiments, eachintermediate line 410A of the first plurality of intermediate lines 410Ais fluidly coupled to a single distribution line 412A of the firstplurality of distribution lines 412A via a T-fitting 424. Each T-fitting424 may comprise an inlet configured to receive coolant from a singleintermediate line 410A, and two outlets configured to distribute thecoolant to two distribution lines 412A. In various embodiments,T-fitting 424 comprises a barbed fitting having one or more barbed endsconfigured to be inserted into intermediate line 410A and distributionline 412A. However, T-fittings 424 are not limited in this regard andmay comprise any suitable fitting configured to be fluidly coupled withintermediate line 410A and distribution line 412A. Moreover, whilediscussed herein as comprising T-fittings 424, battery pack thermalsystem 400 is not limited in this regard and may comprise fittingshaving more or fewer inlets and/or outlets depending on the number ofintermediate lines 410A and/or distribution lines 412A.

The first plurality of distribution lines 412A are configured to directcoolant into battery modules 300 through the plurality of manifoldinlets 414A. More specifically, coolant may flow from various T-fittings424, through the first plurality of distribution lines 412A, throughmanifold inlets 414A, and into cooling plates present within the variousbattery modules 300. Each distribution line 412A of the first pluralityof distribution lines 412A comprises a first distribution lineconfigured to be coupled to a first portion of an associated batterymodule 300 and a second distribution line configured to be coupled to asecond portion of the associated battery module 300 in order to permitmore uniform heat transfer to or from multiple rows and/or columns ofbattery cells within battery modules 300. While illustrated herein ascomprising two distribution lines coupled to each battery module 300,battery pack thermal system 400 is not limited in this regard and maycomprise more or fewer distribution lines coupled to each battery module300. Manifold inlets 414A (and manifold outlets 414B) may be oriented inany direction and may be fluidly coupled to any portion of associatedbattery modules 300. For example, in various embodiments, the pluralityof manifold inlets 414A (and plurality of manifold outlets 414B) may befluidly coupled to a plurality of coolant inlets (and plurality ofcoolant outlets) on the plurality of battery modules 300 which may bepositioned on a top surface, bottom surface, or any side surface of eachof the respective battery modules 300. Moreover, while discussed hereinas delivering battery coolant directly to and through cold plates 302 topermit conductive heat transfer between cold plates 302 and batterymodules 300, battery pack assembly 200 is not limited in this regard andbattery modules 300 may be flooded with battery coolant such that heatis transferred directly to the battery cells without an intermediatecold plate.

While described herein as comprising a first manifold 402A configured todistribute coolant to battery modules 300 and a second manifold 402Bconfigured to receive coolant from battery modules 300, battery packassembly 200 is not limited in this regard. For example, in variousembodiments, battery pack assembly 200 comprises multiple inletmanifolds and multiple outlet manifolds configured to distribute coolantto and receive coolant from battery modules 300, respectively. Moreover,in various embodiments, each manifold (for example, first manifold 402Aand second manifold 402B) is configured to both distribute coolant to,and receive coolant from, battery modules 300. For example, in variousembodiments, one or more intermediate lines and distribution lines offirst manifold 402A and second manifold 402B may be configured todeliver coolant to battery modules 300 while one or more intermediatelines and distribution lines of first manifold 402A and second manifold402B may be configured to receive coolant from battery modules 300.Stated otherwise, in various embodiments, coolant may be configured totravel in either direction between first manifold 402A and secondmanifold 402B.

For the sake of brevity, second manifold 402B will not be discussed indetail herein. However, it should be appreciated that second manifold402B may be substantially similar to first manifold 402A apart from thepositioning of second manifold 402B within battery enclosure 202, thepositioning of second main line 406B, the direction of coolant flow, theattachment positions of manifold outlets 414B on the various batterymodules 300, and the number and direction of bends in distribution lines412B, intermediate lines 410B, second manifold body 408B, and secondmain line 406B. In various embodiments, rather than directing coolant tobattery modules 300, second manifold 402B may be configured to receivecoolant from battery modules 300 and direct the coolant through manifoldoutlets 414B, through the second plurality of distribution lines 412B,through the second plurality of intermediate lines 410B, through secondmanifold body 408B, through second main line 406B and out of pack outlet404B to vehicle thermal system 128 in order to permit the coolant toabsorb or dissipate thermal energy (as necessary depending on the needto heat or cool battery pack assembly 200) before returning to batterypack assembly 200.

Referring now to FIGS. 7A-7E, battery pack assembly 200 furthercomprises an electrical contact assembly 500. In various embodiments,electrical contact assembly 500 comprises a plurality of busbarsconfigured to distribute high voltage electricity to and from batterymodules 300. Electrical contact assembly 500 is configured to distributehigh voltage electricity to battery modules 300 from an energy source(for example, the grid, one or more batteries, or hydrogen fuel cells)to charge battery modules 300 and to distribute high voltage electricityfrom battery modules 300 to high voltage systems of electric vehicle100. As will be described in further detail, electrical contact assembly500 is electrically coupled to junction box 600 which may assist inmanaging current flow to, from, and within battery pack assembly 200.

In various embodiments, electrical contact assembly 500 comprises alaminated busbar assembly 502, a first bridge busbar 504, a secondbridge busbar 506, a third bridge busbar 508, a fourth bridge busbar510, a fifth bridge busbar 512, and a sixth bridge busbar 514. Invarious embodiments, each busbar (or busbar assembly) in electricalcontact assembly 500 may comprise an electrically conductive, highstrength, low weight material such as copper, brass, aluminum, or acombination thereof. Each busbar in electrical contact assembly 500comprises a substantially large surface area to cross-sectional arearatio (for example, 2:1 to 10:1) to permit the busbars to efficientlydissipate heat (caused by resistive heating) through convective heattransfer. While discussed herein as comprising a plurality of busbars,electrical contact assembly 500 is not limited in this regard and maycomprise wires and/or cables in place of or in addition to busbars.Moreover, while discussed herein as comprising laminated busbar assembly502, first bridge busbar 504, second bridge busbar 506, third bridgebusbar 508, fourth bridge busbar 510, fifth bridge busbar 512, and sixthbridge busbar 514, electrical contact assembly 500 is not limited inthis regard and may comprise more or fewer busbars or busbar assembliesdepending on the number of modules present in battery pack assembly 200.Moreover, in various embodiments, electrical contact assembly 500 maycomprise multiple laminated busbar assemblies electrically coupled toall battery modules 300 and, as a result, may be devoid of bridgebusbars separate from the laminated busbar assemblies.

In various embodiments, laminated busbar assembly 502 comprises aplurality of conductive layers 516. For example, in various embodiments,laminated busbar assembly 502 comprises two or more layers of conductivematerial (configured to increase stiffness and strength and provide adiscrete current path), each of which may be separated from an adjacentconductive material layer by an insulating material layer. In variousembodiments, the conductive layers 516 comprise an electricallyconductive material such as copper, brass, aluminum, or a combinationthereof, while the insulating material layers comprise one or moreinsulating (or dielectric) materials such as an epoxy, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyvinyl fluoride, polyethylene naphthalate, or othersuitable material or combinations thereof. The insulating materiallayers may be configured to insulate the conductive material layers suchthat laminated busbar assembly 502 may be capable of distributingelectrical current via a first conductive layer while not distributingelectrical current via a second, adjacent conductive layer. Moreover,laminated busbar assembly 502 may be configured to permit current flowin either direction between battery modules 300 and junction box 600.

With momentary reference to FIG. 7E, laminated busbar assembly 502comprises a first conductive layer 516A, a second conductive layer 516B,a third conductive layer 516C, and a fourth conductive layer 516D. Invarious embodiments, laminated busbar assembly 502 comprises more orfewer conductive layers. First conductive layer 516A comprises ahorizontal leg 516AH and a vertical leg 516AV. Second conductive layer516B comprises a horizontal leg 516BH and a vertical leg 516BV. Thirdconductive layer 516C comprises a horizontal leg 516CH and a verticalleg 516CV. Fourth conductive layer 516D comprises a horizontal leg 516DHand a vertical leg 516DV. In various embodiments, the horizontal andvertical legs of each conductive layer 516 may be formed together or maybe formed separately and later coupled (electrically and mechanically)together. In various embodiments, each conductive layer 516 comprises atransition (for example, a 90-degree bend) between its horizontal andvertical legs.

In various embodiments, horizontal leg 516AH of first conductive layer516A is positioned adjacent to and vertically above horizontal leg 516BHof second conductive layer 516B. Horizontal leg 516BH of secondconductive layer 516B is positioned adjacent to and vertically abovehorizontal leg 516CH of third conductive layer 516C. Horizontal leg516CH of third conductive layer 516C is positioned adjacent to andvertically above horizontal leg 516DH of fourth conductive layer 516D.In various embodiments, each horizontal leg of first conductive layer516A, second conductive layer 516B, third conductive layer 516C, andfourth conductive layer 516D comprises a similar horizontal length suchthat each conductive layer may extend a substantially similar distanceinto battery pack assembly 200 (for example, from fourth side panel 210and into battery pack assembly 200 in the Y-direction). Each horizontalleg 516AH-516DH comprises a junction box contact tab 526A-526D locatedat the end of the horizontal leg configured to be electrically coupledto junction box 600 directly or through a transition busbar, forexample.

In various embodiments, vertical leg 516AV of first conductive layer516A and vertical leg 516BV of second conductive layer 516B extend inopposite directions. For example, as illustrated herein, vertical leg516AV of first conductive layer 516A extends upward (positiveZ-direction as illustrated), while vertical leg 516BV of secondconductive layer 516B extends downward (negative Z-direction asillustrated). Vertical leg 516AV of first conductive layer 516A maycomprise a vertical length greater than a vertical length of verticalleg 516BV of second conductive layer 516B. Vertical leg 516AV andvertical leg 516BV may be positioned a substantially similar distancefrom fourth side panel 210 (Y-direction as illustrated). Vertical leg516AV of first conductive layer 516A is positioned adjacent to andvertically above vertical leg 516BV of second conductive layer 516B.

In various embodiments, vertical leg 516CV of third conductive layer516C is horizontally adjacent to vertical leg 516DV of fourth conductivelayer 516D. Vertical leg 516DV of fourth conductive layer 516D ispositioned between vertical leg 516CV of third conductive layer 516C andvertical legs 516AV, 516BV. Stated otherwise, vertical leg 516CV islocated a first distance from fourth side panel 210, vertical leg 516DVis located a second distance from fourth side panel 210, and verticallegs 516AV, 516BV are located a third distance from fourth side panel210, wherein the third distance is greater than the second distance andthe second distance is greater than the first distance. Vertical leg516CV comprises a vertical length greater than a vertical length ofvertical leg 516DV, while vertical leg 516DV comprises a vertical lengthgreater than the vertical lengths of both vertical leg 516AV andvertical leg 516BV. Vertical leg 516CV and vertical leg 516DV eachextend upward (positive Z-direction as illustrated) similar to verticalleg 516AV.

As previously stated, first conductive layer 516A, second conductivelayer 516B, third conductive layer 516C, and fourth conductive layer516D comprise junction box contact tabs 526A-526D located at the ends ofhorizontal legs 516AH, 516BH, 516CH, and 516DH, respectively. In variousembodiments, first conductive layer 516A further comprises a modulecontact tab 528A coupled to an end of vertical leg 516AV, secondconductive layer 516B further comprises a module contact tab 528Bcoupled to an end of vertical leg 516BV, third conductive layer 516Cfurther comprises a module contact tab 528C coupled to an end ofvertical leg 516CV, and fourth conductive layer 516D further comprises amodule contact tab 528D coupled to an end of vertical leg 516DV. Modulecontact tabs 528A-528D may be configured to be electrically coupled tovarious terminals on battery modules 300, thereby permitting current toflow between battery modules 300 and junction box 600 through conductivelayers 516A-516D. In various embodiments, module contact tabs 528A-528Dmay be electrically coupled to multiple battery modules 300 adjacent toa corner of battery enclosure 202 formed by first side panel 204 andfourth side panel 210.

In various embodiments, first bridge busbar 504, second bridge busbar506, third bridge busbar 508, fourth bridge busbar 510, fifth bridgebusbar 512, and sixth bridge busbar 514 are configured to beelectrically coupled to at least two battery modules 300. First bridgebusbar 504 comprises a first module contact tab 504A and a second modulecontact tab 504B configured to be electrically coupled to two differentbattery modules 300. Second bridge busbar 506 comprises a first modulecontact tab 506A and a second module contact tab 506B configured to beelectrically coupled to two different battery modules 300. Third bridgebusbar 508 comprises a first module contact tab 508A and a second modulecontact tab 508B configured to be electrically coupled to two differentbattery modules 300. Fourth bridge busbar 510 comprises a first modulecontact tab 510A and a second module contact tab 510B configured to beelectrically coupled to two different battery modules 300. Fifth bridgebusbar 512 comprises a first module contact tab 512A and a second modulecontact tab 512B configured to be electrically coupled to two differentbattery modules 300. Finally, sixth bridge busbar 514 comprises a firstmodule contact tab 514A and a second module contact tab 514B configuredto be electrically coupled to two different battery modules 300.

First bridge busbar 504, third bridge busbar 508, and fourth bridgebusbar 510 may be electrically coupled to battery modules 300 adjacentto a corner of battery enclosure 202 formed by second side panel 206 andthird side panel 208. Second bridge busbar 506 and fifth bridge busbar512 may be electrically coupled to battery modules 300 adjacent to thecorner of battery enclosure 202 formed by first side panel 204 andfourth side panel 210. Sixth bridge busbar 514 may be electricallycoupled to battery modules adjacent to a corner of battery enclosure 202formed by fourth side panel 210 and top panel 214.

In various embodiments, first bridge busbar 504, second bridge busbar506, third bridge busbar 508, fourth bridge busbar 510, and fifth bridgebusbar 512 may each comprise similar structures which may differ from astructure of sixth bridge busbar 514. For example, each of first bridgebusbar 504, second bridge busbar 506, third bridge busbar 508, fourthbridge busbar 510, and fifth bridge busbar 512 may comprise an arch 530configured to permit intermediate lines 410 of battery pack thermalsystem 400 to be placed between arch 530 and battery module 300, therebypermitting efficient packaging of battery pack thermal system 400 withinbattery enclosure 202. In contrast, sixth bridge busbar 514 comprises anelongated strip of material 532 extending a substantial portion of thedistance between first side panel 204 and second side panel 206 withfirst module contact tab 514A and second module contact tab 514Bextending downward (negative Z-direction as illustrated).

With additional reference to FIGS. 5D and 5E, electrical contactassembly 500 is configured to permit current to flow between junctionbox 600 and battery modules 300. For example, current may flow intojunction box 600 and into battery modules 300 in order to charge theplurality of battery cells in battery modules 300 when battery packassembly 200 is charging. During discharge, current may flow frombattery modules 300 to junction box 600 and out of junction box 600 topower electric vehicle 100 high voltage systems. In various embodiments,the battery modules 300 may be electrically coupled in series to allowvoltage between the various battery modules to be added.

More specifically, during charging, current flows from an external powersource (such as a DC fast charging system) into junction box 600 andfrom junction box 600 to junction box contact tab 526B. Current flowsfrom junction box contact tab 526B to horizontal leg 516BH of secondconductive layer 516B of laminated busbar assembly 502. Current flowsfrom horizontal leg 516BH to vertical leg 516BV and through vertical leg516BV to module contact tab 528B. In various embodiments, module contacttab 528B is electrically coupled to a positive terminal of first batterymodule 300-1. Following this, current flows from the positive terminalof first battery module 300-1 to a negative terminal of first batterymodule 300-1 and into first module contact tab 504A of first bridgebusbar 504. In various embodiments, first module contact tab 504A offirst bridge busbar 504 is electrically coupled to the negative terminalof first battery module 300-1. Current then flows from first modulecontact tab 504A to second module contact tab 504B of first bridgebusbar 504.

In various embodiments, second module contact tab 504B of first bridgebusbar 504 is electrically coupled to a positive terminal of secondbattery module 300-2. Current flows from the positive terminal of secondbattery module 300-2 to a negative terminal of second battery module300-2 and into first module contact tab 506A of second bridge busbar506. First module contact tab 506A of second bridge busbar 506 iselectrically coupled to the negative terminal of second battery module300-2. Current flows from the first module contact tab 506A to thesecond module contact tab 506B of second bridge busbar 506.

In various embodiments, second module contact tab 506B of second bridgebusbar 506 is electrically coupled to a positive terminal of thirdbattery module 300-3. Current flows from the positive terminal of thirdbattery module 300-3 to a negative terminal of third battery module300-3 and into first module contact tab 508A of third bridge busbar 508.First module contact tab 508A of third bridge busbar 508 is electricallycoupled to the negative terminal of third battery module 300-3. Currentflows from the first module contact tab 508A to the second modulecontact tab 508B of third bridge busbar 508.

In various embodiments, second module contact tab 508B of third bridgebusbar 508 is electrically coupled to a positive terminal of fourthbattery module 300-4. Current flows from the positive terminal of fourthbattery module 300-4 to a negative terminal of fourth battery module300-4 and into module contact tab 528D of laminated busbar assembly 502.In various embodiments, module contact tab 528D is electrically coupledto the negative terminal of fourth battery module 300-4. Current flowsfrom module contact tab 528D, through vertical leg 516DV of fourthconductive layer 516D, through horizontal leg 516DH of fourth conductivelayer 516D, through junction box contact tab 526D, and into junction box600. As will be discussed in further detail below, junction box 600 maybe configured to permit current to flow through a closed circuitpartially formed by the internal components of junction box 600 or maybe configured to prevent current flow by opening a circuit via one ormore internal components of junction box 600.

When in a closed-circuit configuration, current flows from fourthjunction box contact tab 526D, through one or more internal componentsof junction box 600 (discussed in detail in relation to FIGS. 8A-8D),and into junction box contact tab 526C. Current flows from junction boxcontact tab 526C, through horizontal leg 516CH of third conductive layer516C, through vertical leg 516CV of third conductive layer 516C, andinto module contact tab 528C of laminated busbar assembly 502. Invarious embodiments, module contact tab 528C of laminated busbarassembly 502 is electrically coupled to a positive terminal of fifthbattery module 300-5. Current flows from the positive terminal of fifthbattery module 300-5 to a negative terminal of fifth battery module300-5 and into first module contact tab 510A of fourth bridge busbar510. First module contact tab 510A of fourth bridge busbar 510 iselectrically coupled to the negative terminal of fifth battery module300-5. Current flows from the first module contact tab 510A to thesecond module contact tab 510B of fourth bridge busbar 510.

In various embodiments, second module contact tab 510B of fourth bridgebusbar 510 is electrically coupled to a positive terminal of sixthbattery module 300-6. Current flows from the positive terminal of sixthbattery module 300-6 to a negative terminal of sixth battery module300-6 and into first module contact tab 512A of fifth bridge busbar 512.First module contact tab 512A of fifth bridge busbar 512 is electricallycoupled to the negative terminal of sixth battery module 300-6. Currentflows from the first module contact tab 512A to the second modulecontact tab 512B of fifth bridge busbar 512.

In various embodiments, second module contact tab 512B of fifth bridgebusbar 512 is electrically coupled to a positive terminal of seventhbattery module 300-7. Current flows from the positive terminal ofseventh battery module 300-7 to a negative terminal of seventh batterymodule 300-7 and into first module contact tab 514A of sixth bridgebusbar 514. First module contact tab 514A of sixth bridge busbar 514 iselectrically coupled to the negative terminal of seventh battery module300-7. Current flows from the first module contact tab 514A to thesecond module contact tab 514B of sixth bridge busbar 514.

In various embodiments, second module contact tab 514B of sixth bridgebusbar 514 is electrically coupled to a positive terminal of eighthbattery module 300-8. Current flows from the positive terminal of eighthbattery module 300-8 to a negative terminal of eighth battery module300-8 and into module contact tab 528A of laminated busbar assembly 502.Module contact tab 528A of laminated busbar assembly 502 is electricallycoupled to the negative terminal of eighth battery module 300-8. Frommodule contact tab 528A, current flows through vertical leg 516AV offirst conductive layer 516, through horizontal leg 516AH of firstconductive layer 516, and into junction box contact tab 526A.

While discussed above with respect to charging of battery pack assembly200, it should be appreciated that electrical contact assembly 500 maybe configured to permit current flow during discharge in a substantiallysimilar manner. For example, electrical energy may be generated in eachbattery module 300-1 through 300-8 and current may travel through thevarious bridge busbars 504-514 and laminated busbar assembly 502 and outof junction box 600 to power high voltage systems of electric vehicle100. However, for the sake of brevity, detailed discussion of currentflow during discharge of battery pack assembly 200 will not be repeated.

Referring now to FIGS. 8A-8D, junction box 600 is illustrated detachedfrom battery pack assembly 200, in accordance with various embodiments.As illustrated in FIGS. 8A-8D, junction box panel 218 is removed toallow for clear discussion of the internal components of junction box600. In various embodiments, junction box 600 comprises a first positivehigh voltage connector 602, a second positive high voltage connector604, a first negative high voltage connector 606, a second negative highvoltage connector 608, and a communications connector 610. As usedherein in relation to first positive high voltage connector 602, secondpositive high voltage connector 604, first negative high voltageconnector 606, and second negative high voltage connector 608, the terms“positive” and “negative” are for reference only and do not necessarilyrefer to polarity of the various high voltage connectors.

In various embodiments, communications connector 610 is configured toreceive a counterpart communication connector (for example, vehiclecommunication connector 138) configured to be in electricalcommunication with one or more electric vehicle 100 control modules suchas a front or rear power distribution unit, battery management system,crash sensor electronic control unit, and/or vehicle control unit. Invarious embodiments, communications connector 610 may be in wired orwireless communication with a miniature circuit breaker (MCB) 612configured to turn off (or open) or on (or close) one or more electriccircuits in battery pack assembly 200 in response to a measured overloador short circuit condition, for example. In various embodiments,communications connector 610, MCB 612, and the vehicle control modulesmay be configured to communicate through a message-based protocol suchas a CAN bus protocol.

In various embodiments, first negative high voltage connector 606 andsecond negative high voltage connector 608 are positioned between firstpositive high voltage connector 602 and second positive high voltageconnector 604. Such placement of the various high voltage connectorspermits the use of one or more compact busbars within junction box 600.Stated otherwise, the positioning of the high voltage connectors (e.g.,+, −, −, +) permits a single busbar to be electrically coupled to firstpositive high voltage connector 602 and second positive high voltageconnector 604, and a single busbar to be electrically coupled to firstnegative high voltage connector 606 and second negative high voltageconnector 608 without the need to overlap the busbars as may be requiredin an alternative configuration (for example, +, −, +, − or −, +, −, +).In various embodiments, each of first positive high voltage connector602, second positive high voltage connector 604, first negative highvoltage connector 606, and second negative high voltage connector 608may comprise a female socket connector configured to receive a male plugconnector from one or more high voltage cables; however, the varioushigh voltage connectors are not limited in this regard and may compriseconnectors of any suitable type.

Junction box 600 comprises a first busbar 614 configured to beelectrically coupled to first positive high voltage connector 602 andsecond positive high voltage connector 604. In various embodiments,first busbar 614 comprises a first leg 614A configured to beelectrically coupled to first positive high voltage connector 602 and asecond leg 614B configured to be electrically coupled to second positivehigh voltage connector 604. First busbar 614 further comprises a thirdleg 614C configured to be electrically coupled to a first portion of afirst contactor 616. In various embodiments, first contactor 616 maycomprise a normally open contactor that does not allow current to flowwhen first contactor 616 is in a deenergized state. However, firstcontactor 616 is not limited in this regard and may comprise a normallyclosed contactor that opens a circuit in response to an electricalsignal. In various embodiments, first contactor 616 comprises aninternal electromagnet configured to actuate in response to anelectrical signal, thereby closing a circuit and allowing current toflow from the first portion of first contactor 616 to a second portionof first contactor 616, or vice versa.

Junction box 600 further comprises a second busbar 618 configured to beelectrically coupled to first negative high voltage connector 606 andsecond negative high voltage connector 608. For example, in variousembodiments, second busbar 618 comprises a first leg 618A configured tobe electrically coupled to first negative high voltage connector 606 anda second leg 618B configured to be electrically coupled to secondnegative high voltage connector 608. Second busbar 618 further comprisesa third leg 618C configured to be electrically coupled to a firstportion of a second contactor 620. In various embodiments, secondcontactor 620 may comprise a normally open contact that does not allowcurrent to flow when second contactor 620 is in a deenergized state.However, second contactor 620 is not limited in this regard and maycomprise a normally closed contactor that opens a circuit in response toan electrical signal. Similar to first contactor 616, second contactor620 may comprise an internal electromagnet configured to actuate inresponse to an electrical signal, thereby closing a circuit and allowingcurrent to flow from the first portion of second contactor 620 to asecond portion of second contactor 620, or vice versa.

Junction box 600 further comprises a plurality of throughput busbars.For example, in various embodiments, junction box 600 further comprisesa first throughput busbar 622, a second throughput busbar 624, a thirdthroughput busbar 626, and a fourth throughput busbar 628. Eachthroughput busbar 622-628 may be electrically coupled to a correspondingtransition busbar in various embodiments. More specifically, withmomentary reference to FIG. 7D, junction box 600 further comprises afirst transition busbar 630, a second transition busbar 632, a thirdtransition busbar 634, and a fourth transition busbar 636. A firstportion of first transition busbar 630 is electrically coupled to firstthroughput busbar 622 and a second portion of first transition busbar630 is electrically coupled to junction box contact tab 526A. A firstportion of second transition busbar 632 is electrically coupled tosecond throughput busbar 624 and a second portion of second transitionbusbar 632 is electrically coupled to junction box contact tab 526B. Afirst portion of third transition busbar 634 is electrically coupled tothird throughput busbar 626 and a second portion of third transitionbusbar 634 is electrically coupled to junction box contact tab 526C.Finally, a first portion of fourth transition busbar 636 is electricallycoupled to fourth throughput busbar 628 and a second portion of fourthtransition busbar 636 is electrically coupled to junction box contacttab 526D. While discussed herein as comprising a plurality of transitionbusbars 630-636, battery pack assembly 200 is not limited in this regardand may be devoid of the plurality of transition busbars in variousembodiments. For example, each throughput busbar 622-628 may beelectrically coupled directly to the corresponding junction box contacttab 526A-526D without an intermediate transition busbar in variousembodiments.

In various embodiments, a first portion of first throughput busbar 622is electrically coupled to the first portion of first transition busbar630 and a second portion of first throughput busbar 622 is electricallycoupled to a current sensor 638. Current sensor 638 is furtherelectrically coupled to a second portion of second contactor 620 via athird busbar 640. Current sensor 638 may be configured to detect andmeasure current flowing from first throughput busbar 622 through currentsensor 638 to second contactor 620. In various embodiments, currentsensor 638 may be in electrical communication with MCB 612 such that MCB612 may turn off power to or from battery pack assembly 200 in the eventcurrent sensed by current sensor 638 deviates from expected values. Forexample, in the event of a detected current deviation measured bycurrent sensor 638, MCB 612 may send a signal to deenergize secondcontactor 620, thereby creating an opening in the circuit between firstthroughput busbar 622 and components downstream of second contactor 620,such as second busbar 618, first negative high voltage connector 606,and second negative high voltage connector 608.

A first portion of second throughput busbar 624 is electrically coupledto the first portion of second transition busbar 632 and a secondportion of second throughput busbar 624 is electrically coupled to afourth busbar 642. In various embodiments, a first portion of fourthbusbar 642 is electrically coupled to the second portion of secondthroughput busbar 624 and a second portion of fourth busbar 642 iselectrically coupled to a second portion of first contactor 616. Similarto second contactor 620, first contactor 616 may be deenergized inresponse to a signal from MCB 612, thereby creating an opening in thecircuit between fourth busbar 642 and components downstream of firstcontactor 616, such as first busbar 614, first positive high voltageconnector 602, and second positive high voltage connector 604.

A first portion of third throughput busbar 626 is electrically coupledto the first portion of third transition busbar 634 and a second portionof third throughput busbar 626 is electrically coupled to a fifth busbar644. A first portion of fourth busbar 642 is electrically coupled to thesecond portion of third throughput busbar 626 and a second portion offifth busbar 644 is electrically coupled to a first portion of a pyrofuse 646. Pyro fuse 646 may comprise an internal pyrotechnic initiatorconfigured to actuate an internal piston configured to sever an internalbusbar of pyro fuse 646 in order to open the electrical circuitextending through pyro fuse 646. In various embodiments, pyro fuse 646may be actuated in response to a signal from MCB 612, a batterymanagement system, a crash sensor electronic control unit, or some othersystem indicating an issue in battery pack assembly 200, indicating thatelectric vehicle 100 has been in an accident and the high voltagesystems need to be disconnected, or indicating overcharging of batterypack assembly 200, for example.

In various embodiments, junction box 600 further comprises a sixthbusbar 648. A first portion of sixth busbar 648 is electrically coupledto a second portion of pyro fuse 646 and a second portion of sixthbusbar 648 is electrically coupled to a first portion of a manualservice disconnect (MSD) 650. MSD 650 is further electrically coupled tofourth transition busbar 636 through fourth throughput busbar 628. Invarious embodiments, MSD 650 may be configured to permit servicetechnicians to service battery pack assembly 200 and/or electric vehicle100 safely by minimizing the risk of electrocution. For example, priorto servicing battery pack assembly 200 or electric vehicle 100, aservice technician may manually decouple a first portion of MSD 650coupled to a second portion of MSD 650, thereby creating an open circuitbetween sixth busbar 648 and fourth throughput busbar 628. As a result,current may be prevented from flowing throughout junction box 600 and/orbattery pack assembly 200 as service is conducted on battery packassembly 200 or electric vehicle 100. In various embodiments, batteryenclosure 202 comprises an MSD thermal panel which may comprise asimilar material to any of first side panel 204, second side panel 206,third side panel 208, fourth side panel 210, top panel 214, bottom panel216, or junction box panel 218. In various embodiments, the MSD thermalpanel may comprise a material similar to the thermal barrier materialdiscussed above. The MSD thermal panel may be configured to shield MSD650 from flames propagating from adjacent battery pack assemblies, forexample.

Junction box 600 further comprises a pre-charge circuit 652. In variousembodiments, pre-charge circuit 652 comprises a resistor, a contactor,and a fuse electrically coupled in series. In various embodiments,pre-charge circuit 652 may be electrically coupled in parallel withfirst contactor 616. Pre-charge circuit 652 may be configured to limitinrush current during power up of electric vehicle 100 or battery packassembly 200, as initial current levels could stress or damage one ormore electrical components of junction box 600 or battery pack assembly200, including first contactor 616 or battery cells present in batterymodules 300. During startup, first contactor 616 may be open, therebydirecting current to pre-charge circuit 652. MCB 612 and/or currentsensor 638 may measure and/or monitor current values throughout batterypack assembly 200 and determine when the inrush current subsides. Atthis stage, the contactor of pre-charge circuit 652 may be opened andfirst contactor 616 closed in order to permit current to flow throughoutbattery pack assembly 200 at safe and/or rated current levels.

Having discussed the various components of junction box 600 briefly,current flow through junction box 600 will now be discussed. In variousembodiments, current may be configured to flow from a first high voltagecomponent and into first positive high voltage connector 602 or secondpositive high voltage connector 604, which may interchangeably act ascurrent inputs or outputs. In various embodiments, battery pack assembly200 and the first high voltage component may be connected in series orin parallel. Depending on the state of battery pack assembly 200,current flowing into first positive high voltage connector 602 (orsecond positive high voltage connector 604) may be directed by firstbusbar 614 out of second positive high voltage connector 604 and/ordirected into first contactor 616 or pre-charge circuit 652. Forexample, in various embodiments, all current may flow out of secondpositive high voltage connector 604 (or first positive high voltageconnector 602), all current may flow into first contactor 616 and/orpre-charge circuit 652, or a first amount of current can be directed tosecond positive high voltage connector 604 (or first positive highvoltage connector 602) and a second amount of current can be directed tofirst contactor 616 and/or pre-charge circuit 652. Current may bedirected to a second high voltage component when directed out of secondpositive high voltage connector 604 (or first positive high voltageconnector 602) or combined with electricity generated from batterymodules 300 when directed through first contactor 616 and throughoutbattery pack assembly 200.

As previously stated, current flowing through first busbar 614 may bedirected to first contactor 616 and/or pre-charge circuit 652. Invarious embodiments, all current may be directed to pre-charge circuit652, all current may be directed to first contactor 616, or a firstamount of current may be directed to pre-charge circuit 652 and a secondamount of current may be directed to first contactor 616. During vehiclestartup, first contactor 616 may be open and a majority of the currentmay be directed to pre-charge circuit 652 whose contactor may be closed.After vehicle start-up, the contactor associated with pre-charge circuit652 may be open and first contactor 616 may be closed, therebypermitting current to continue flowing through other portions of batterypack assembly 200.

When first contactor 616 is closed, current may flow from first busbar614 through first contactor 616 and into fourth busbar 642. Current mayflow from fourth busbar 642, into second throughput busbar 624, and intosecond transition busbar 632. From second transition busbar 632, currentmay flow into junction box contact tab 526B and through battery modules300-1 through 300-4 as discussed in relation to FIGS. 5D-5E and FIGS.7A-7E.

As discussed above, after flowing through battery modules 300-1 through300-4, current may flow through junction box contact tab 526D and intofourth transition busbar 636. Current may then flow from fourthtransition busbar 636, into fourth throughput busbar 628, and into MSD650. When the first portions and second portions of MSD 650 are coupled(thereby completing the circuit between fourth throughput busbar 628 andfifth busbar 644), current may flow from MSD 650, into sixth busbar 648,and into pyro fuse 646. When intact (thereby completing the circuitbetween sixth busbar 648 and fifth busbar 644), current may flow frompyro fuse 646 into fifth busbar 644, through third throughput busbar626, through third transition busbar 634 and into junction box contacttab 526C.

As discussed above, current may flow from junction box contact tab 526C,through battery modules 300-5 through 300-8, and into junction boxcontact tab 526A. From junction box contact tab 526A, current may flowinto first transition busbar 630, through first throughput busbar 622and into current sensor 638. From current sensor 638, current may flowinto third busbar 640 and into second contactor 620. When energized (andtherefore closing the circuit between third busbar 640 and second busbar618), current may flow into second busbar 618 and out of first negativehigh voltage connector 606 or second negative high voltage connector608, which may interchangeably act as current inputs or outputs invarious embodiments. In situations where battery pack assembly 200 isdisconnected or needs to be bypassed, current from a first high voltagecomponent or system may flow through first negative high voltageconnector 606 (or second negative high voltage connector 608) and out ofsecond negative high voltage connector 608 (or first negative highvoltage connector 606) to a second high voltage component. As such,current may be configured to continuously flow throughout the highvoltage systems of electric vehicle 100 despite one or more battery packassemblies 200 being disconnected or bypassed.

As discussed above, the “first high voltage component” and the “secondhigh voltage component” may comprise an upstream or downstream batterypack assembly similar to battery pack assembly 200, a front or rearpower distribution unit, an inverter, an electric motor, or other highvoltage component of electric vehicle 100.

In various embodiments, any or all of the busbars mentioned above(including laminated busbar assembly 502, first bridge busbar 504,second bridge busbar 506, third bridge busbar 508, fourth bridge busbar510, fifth bridge busbar 512, sixth bridge busbar 514, first busbar 614,second busbar 618, first throughput busbar 622, second throughput busbar624, third throughput busbar 626, fourth throughput busbar 628, firsttransition busbar 630, second transition busbar 632, third transitionbusbar 634, fourth transition busbar 636, third busbar 640, fourthbusbar 642, fifth busbar 644, and sixth busbar 648) comprise a thermalsleeve or thermal coating configured to prevent the various busbars fromcontacting each other as a result of damage to surrounding supportstructures caused by a fire, for example. In various embodiments, thethermal sleeves and/or thermal coatings may comprise any material havinga low coefficient of thermal conductivity, low coefficient of electricalconductivity, and high melt and ignition temperature. In variousembodiments, the thermal sleeves and/or thermal coatings may comprise asilicone rubber, epoxy, polyolefin, or other suitable material.

EXAMPLES Examples 1-7—Battery Pack Assembly

In Example 1, a battery pack assembly comprises: a battery enclosurecomprising a first side panel, a second side panel, a third side panel,a fourth side panel, a top panel, and a bottom panel defining a modulecontaining volume, and a first battery module, a second battery module,and a third battery module in the module containing volume, wherein thefirst battery module and the second battery module are positioned in afirst orientation and stacked to form a column of battery modules, andwherein the third battery module is positioned in a second orientationand positioned adjacent to the column of battery modules.

In Example 2, the battery pack assembly of Example 1, wherein the thirdbattery module is oriented at an angle of substantially 90 degreesrelative to the first battery module and the second battery module.

In Example 3, the battery pack assembly of Example 2, wherein the angleis relative to an axis extending through the battery pack assembly thatis parallel to the first side panel, the second side panel, the toppanel, and the bottom panel and orthogonal to the third side panel andthe fourth side panel.

In Example 4, the battery pack assembly of Example 1, further comprisinga vertically oriented, internal dividing panel positioned between thecolumn of battery modules and the third battery module.

In Example 5, the battery pack assembly of Example 1, further comprisinga fourth battery module positioned in the first orientation and abovethe second battery module, a fifth battery module positioned in thefirst orientation and above the fourth battery module, a sixth batterymodule positioned in the first orientation and above the fifth batterymodule, a seventh battery module positioned in the first orientation andabove the sixth battery module, and an eighth battery module positionedin the first orientation and above the seventh battery module.

In Example 6, the battery pack assembly of Example 5, wherein the thirdbattery module overlaps at least a portion of the fourth battery module,the fifth battery module, the sixth battery module, the seventh batterymodule, and the eighth battery module in a vertical direction.

In Example 7, the battery pack assembly of Example 1, further comprisinga horizontally oriented, internal dividing panel coupled to andextending between the vertically oriented, internal dividing panel andthe second side panel.

Examples 8-15—Battery Pack Assembly

In Example 8, a battery pack assembly comprises: a battery enclosurecomprising a plurality of side panels, a top panel, and a bottom paneldefining a module containing volume, and a first battery module, asecond battery module, a third battery module, a fourth battery module,a fifth battery module, a sixth battery module, a seventh batterymodule, and an eighth battery module in the module containing volume,wherein the first battery module through the fourth battery module areelectrically coupled in series to form a first module subassembly,wherein the fifth battery module through the eighth battery module areelectrically coupled in series to form a second module subassembly,wherein the first module subassembly and the second module subassemblyare electrically coupled in series, and wherein the battery packassembly is configured with a voltage of between 700 volts and 900volts.

In Example 9, the battery pack assembly of Example 8, wherein thebattery pack assembly is configured with a capacity of between 100amp-hours (Ah) and 130 Ah and with a net energy of between 40kilowatt-hours (kWh) and 120 kWh.

In Example 10, the battery pack assembly of claim 8, wherein the firstbattery module is positioned above the bottom panel, the second batterymodule is positioned above the first battery module, the third batterymodule is positioned above the second battery module, and the fourthbattery module is positioned above the third battery module.

In Example 11, the battery pack assembly of Example 10, wherein thefifth battery module is positioned above the fourth battery module, thesixth battery module is positioned above the fifth battery module, theseventh battery module is positioned above the sixth battery module andbelow the top panel, and the eighth battery module is positionedhorizontally adjacent to at least one of the fifth battery module, thesixth battery module, or the seventh battery module.

In Example 12, the battery pack assembly of Example 8, wherein theeighth battery module is oriented at an angle of substantially 90degrees relative to each of the first battery module, the second batterymodule, the third battery module, the fourth battery module, the fifthbattery module, the sixth battery module, and the seventh batterymodule.

In Example 13, the battery pack assembly of Example 12, wherein theangle is relative to an axis extending through the battery pack assemblythat is parallel to the top panel and the bottom panel and orthogonal toat least two side panels of the plurality of side panels.

In Example 14, the battery pack assembly of Example 8, wherein theplurality of side panels comprises a first side panel, a second sidepanel opposite the first side panel, a third side panel substantiallyorthogonal to the first side panel and the second side panel, and afourth side panel substantially orthogonal to the first side panel andthe second side panel.

In Example 15, the battery pack assembly of Example 14, wherein thethird side panel and the fourth side panel are mirrored about a verticalplane which is parallel with the third side panel and the fourth sidepanel and which bisects the first side panel and the fourth side panel.

Examples 16-20—Battery Pack Assembly

In Example 16, a battery pack assembly comprises: a battery enclosurecomprising a plurality of side panels, a top panel, and a bottom paneldefining a module containing volume containing a plurality of batterymodules, and a battery pack thermal system, comprising: a first manifoldcomprising a pack inlet, a first main line, a first manifold body, afirst plurality of intermediate lines, a first plurality of distributionlines, and a plurality of manifold outlets, and a second manifoldcomprising a pack outlet, a second main line, a second manifold body, asecond plurality of intermediate lines, a second plurality ofdistribution lines, and a plurality of manifold inlets, wherein thefirst manifold is fluidly coupled to the plurality of battery modulesvia the plurality of manifold outlets to deliver a battery coolant tothe plurality of battery modules, and wherein the second manifold isfluidly coupled to the plurality of battery modules via the plurality ofmanifold inlets to receive the battery coolant from the plurality ofbattery modules.

In Example 17, the battery pack assembly of Example 16, wherein the packinlet is positioned vertically below the pack outlet on a side panel ofthe plurality of side panels.

In Example 18, the battery pack assembly of Example 16, wherein theplurality of battery modules comprises eight battery modules.

In Example 19, the battery pack assembly of Example 18, wherein thefirst plurality of distribution lines comprises sixteen distributionlines with two distribution lines fluidly coupled to each battery moduleof the plurality of battery modules, and wherein the second plurality ofdistribution lines comprises sixteen distribution lines with twodistribution lines fluidly coupled to each battery module of theplurality of battery modules.

In Example 20, the battery pack assembly of Example 16, wherein theplurality of manifold inlets are fluidly coupled to a first side of theplurality of battery modules and the plurality of manifold outlets arefluidly coupled to a second side of the plurality of battery modules.

Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have beendescribed herein with regard to specific embodiments. Furthermore, theconnecting lines shown in the various figures contained herein areintended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physicalcouplings between the various elements. It should be noted that manyalternative or additional functional relationships or physicalconnections may be present in a practical system. However, the benefits,advantages, solutions to problems, and any elements that may cause anybenefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced arenot to be construed as critical, required, or essential features orelements of the disclosure. The scope of the disclosure is accordinglyto be limited by nothing other than the appended claims, in whichreference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one andonly one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.”Moreover, where a phrase similar to “at least one of A, B, or C” or “atleast one of A, B, and C” is used in the claims or specification, it isintended that the phrase be interpreted to mean that A alone may bepresent in an embodiment, B alone may be present in an embodiment, Calone may be present in an embodiment, or that any combination of theelements A, B and C may be present in a single embodiment; for example,A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C. Different cross-hatchingmay be used throughout the figures to denote different parts but notnecessarily to denote the same or different materials.

Methods, systems, and articles are provided herein. In the detaileddescription herein, references to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”,“various embodiments”, etc., indicate that the embodiment described mayinclude a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but everyembodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature,structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarilyreferring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature,structure, or characteristic is described in connection with anembodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of oneskilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristicin connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitlydescribed. After reading the description, it will be apparent to oneskilled in the relevant art(s) how to implement the disclosure inalternative embodiments.

Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the presentdisclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless ofwhether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited inthe claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under theprovisions of 35 U.S.C. 112(f) unless the element is expressly recitedusing the phrase “means for.” As used herein, the terms “comprises”,“comprising”, or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover anon-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, orapparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only thoseelements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherentto such process, method, article, or apparatus.

1: A geological sample holder for use in scanning, the holder including:a container for containing a geological sample and for orienting in anupright configuration during scanning; and baffles extending across thecontainer and for baffling the geological sample to restrain thegeological sample from shifting downwards and mimic a rock wall of amine. 2: A geological sample holder as claimed in claim 1, wherein thesample holder is angled to the horizontal for scanning. 3: A geologicalsample holder as claimed in claim 1, wherein each baffle includes anuneven edge. 4: A geological sample holder as claimed in claim 3,wherein the edge is a top or free edge. 5: A geological sample holder asclaimed in claim 3, wherein the uneven edge includes an undulating edge.6: A geological sample holder as claimed in claim 5, wherein theundulating edge is serrated or pointed. 7: A geological sample holder asclaimed in claim 5, wherein each undulating edge includes peaks andtroughs, the peaks and troughs collectively being mis-aligned with thecontainer. 8: A geological sample holder as claimed in claim 5, whereinadjacent undulating edges are staggered. 9: A geological sample holderas claimed in claim 1, wherein the container includes a base notincluding arrays of air perforations between the baffles. 10: Ageological sample holder as claimed in claim 9, wherein the containerincludes one or more sloping ends extending from the base, each endextending at between 115° and 165°, and preferably about 135° from thebase. 11: A geological sample holder as claimed in claim 10, wherein atleast one of the ends define a mounting formation. 12: A geologicalsample holder as claimed in claim 9, wherein the base includes fasteningformations to facilitate fastening with the baffles. 13: A geologicalsample holder as claimed in claim 1, wherein the container includes apair of sides extending from a base, the sides including fasteningformations to facilitate fastening with the baffles. 14: A geologicalsample system including: the geological sample holder of claim 1oriented in an upright configuration; and a scanner for scanning thegeological sample in the upright geological sample holder. 15: Ageological sample system as claimed in claim 14, further including amount for mounting the sample holder relative to the scanner. 16: Ageological sample system as claimed in claim 14, wherein the scanner isa mobile scanner, and the upright sample holder advantageously providesfor improved calibration and/or algorithm validation of the scanner. 17:A geological sample system as claimed in claim 14, wherein the uprightgeological sample holder is at an angle of at least 45°, at least 70°,and preferably at about 80° from horizontal. 18: A geological samplesystem as claimed in claim 14, wherein the scanner scans horizontallyand includes a spectral scanner. 19: A geological sample system asclaimed in claim 14, further including a light source for lighting thegeological sample being scanned. 20: A geological sample analysismethod, the method including: orienting a geological sample holder,holding a geological sample, in an upright configuration, the holderincluding baffles for baffling the geological sample to restrain thegeological sample from shifting downwards and mimic a rock wall of amine; and scanning the geological sample in the upright geologicalsample holder.